Ngisho nangemva kokufa kwakhe ngo-2013, owayengumongameli waseNingizimu Afrika uNelson Mandela uhlonishwa emhlabeni jikelele njengomunye wabaholi abathintekayo kakhulu nabathandekayo kakhulu esikhathini sethu. Wasebenzisa iminyaka yakhe yokuqala ekulweni nokungalingani ngokobuhlanga okwenziwe yihulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika wobandlululo, owabe eseboshiwe iminyaka engu-27. Ngemuva kokukhululwa kwakhe kanye nokuphela kobandlululo, uMandela wadluliselwa esikhundleni sokuba ngumengameli wokuqala omnyama waseNingizimu Afrika.
Wanikezela isikhathi sakhe ehhovisi lokuphulukiswa kweNingizimu Afrika ehlukene, nokukhuthaza amalungelo omphakathi emhlabeni jikelele.
Ubuntwana
UNelson Mandela wazalwa ngoJulayi 18th 1918 eMvezu, ingxenye yeTranskei esifundeni sase- Eastern Cape esifundazweni saseMpumalanga Kapa . Ubaba wakhe, uGadla Henry Mphakanyiswa, wayengumphathi wendawo kanye nendodana yenkosi yaseThembu; unina, uNosekeni Fanny, wayengowesithathu kwabafazi abane bakaMphakanyiswa. UMandela wabizwa uRohlilahla, igama lesiXhosa elihunyushwe ngokuthi "ingcindezi"; wanikezwa igama lesiNgisi uNelson nguthisha esikoleni sakhe esiphakeme.
UMandela wakhulela emzaneni kamama wakhe waseQunu waze waba neminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye ubudala, lapho ukufa kukayise kwaholela ekutholeni ingane yakhe nguThembu, uJongintaba Dalindyebo. Ngemuva kokutholwa kwakhe, uMandela wadabula isiko lesiShayina futhi wajoyina uchungechunge lwezikole namakholeji, avela kuClarkebury Boarding Institute eya eNyuvesi yaseFort Hare.
Lapha, wazibandakanya ezombusazwe zabafundi, okwathi ekugcineni wamiswa. UMandela washiya ikolishi ngaphandle kokuphothula, futhi ngemva nje kwalokho wabaleka eGoli ukuze abaleke umshado ohleliwe.
Ezombusazwe - Izinyanga Zokuqala
EGoli, uMandela waqeda i-BA ngokusebenzisa iNyuvesi yaseNingizimu Afrika (UNISA) futhi wabhalisa eWits University.
Uphinde waziswe ne-African National Congress (ANC), iqembu eliphikisana ne-imperialist elikholelwa eNingizimu Afrika elizimele, ngomngane omusha, u-Walter Sisulu obambe iqhaza. UMandela uqale ukuloba izihloko zenkampani yezomthetho yaseGoli, futhi ngo-1944 iqoqo i-ANC Youth League kanye nomunye u-Oliver Tambo. Ngo-1951, waba ngumongameli we-Youth League, futhi ngemva konyaka, wakhethwa ngumengameli we-ANC we-Transvaal.
Ngo-1952 kwaba ngumnyaka omatasa kaMandela. Wakha ummeli wokuqala wezomthetho waseNingizimu Afrika uTambo, owazobe engumengameli we-ANC kamuva. Uphinde waba omunye wabakhi bomkhankaso we-Youth League's Campaign for the Defiance of Laws Act, uhlelo lokungalaleli kwabantu. Imizamo yakhe yamtholela ukusola kwakhe kokuqala ngaphansi kokususwa kwe-Communism Act. Ngo-1956, wayengomunye wabaphikisi abangu-156 abasolwa ngokuhlukumezeka ekulingweni okwadonswa cishe iminyaka emihlanu ngaphambi kokuphela.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, waqhubeka esebenza ngemuva kwezigcawu zokwakha inqubomgomo ye-ANC. Wahlala njalo eboshiwe futhi evinjelwe ukuba abe khona emihlanganweni yomphakathi, wayevame ukuhamba efihliwe futhi ngaphansi kwamagama athiwa aphephe amaphoyisa.
Ukuvuswa Kwezempi
Ukulandela ukubulawa kweSharpeville ka-1960, i-ANC yavinjelwa ngokomthetho futhi imibono kaMandela kanye nozakwabo abaningana yaba nzima ukuba inkolelo yokuthi kuphela umzabalazo ohlomile.
NgoDisemba 16th 1961, inhlangano entsha yezempi okuthiwa uMkhonto WeSizwe ( Spear of the Nation), yasungulwa. UMandela wayengumphathi wayo oyinhloko. Eminyakeni emibili eyalandela bahlaselwa okungaphezu kuka-200 futhi bathumela abantu abangaba ngu-300 bephesheya ukuze baqeqeshelwa empini - kuhlanganise noMandela ngokwakhe.
Ngo-1962, uMandela waboshwa emuva kokubuyela ezweni futhi wajeziswa iminyaka emihlanu ejele ngokuhamba ngaphandle kwepasipoti. Wenze uhambo lwakhe lokuqala eRobben Island , kodwa maduzane wathunyelwa ePitoli ukuba ajoyine nabanye abayishumi abaphikisile, bebhekene namacala amasha okubhujiswa. Ngesikhathi sezinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye e-Rivonia Trial - ebizwa ngokuthi yisifunda saseRivonia lapho umkhonto weSizwe ebeka khona indawo ephephile, uLiliesleaf Farm - Mandela wenza inkulumo ethandekayo evela emgodini. Ikhuluma ngezwe lonke:
'Ngiye ngilwa nokubusa okumhlophe, futhi ngilwe nobusuku obumnyama. Ngiye ngabazisa umqondo womphakathi wentando yeningi kanye nenkululeko lapho bonke abantu behlala ndawonye ngokuvumelana nangamathuba afanayo. Kuyinto ekahle engithemba ukuthi ngiyaphila futhi ngiyifeze. Kodwa uma kudingeke kube yinto enhle engilungele ukufa ngayo.
Leli cala seliphelile ngamacala ayisishiyagalolunye, okubalwa noMandela, owatholwa enecala futhi egwetshwe ejele. Ukuhlala kukaMandela isikhathi eside eRobben Island kwase kuqalile.
I-Long Walk eya Freedom
Ngo-1982, ngemuva kweminyaka engu-18 ejele eRobben Island, uMandela wadluliselwa ejele lasePollsmoor eKapa futhi kusukela lapho ngoDisemba 1988 waya ejele laseVictor Verster ePaarl. Wenqabe ukuhlinzekwa okuningi ukuze aqaphele ukufaneleka kwamakhaya amazwe amnyama okwakusungulwe ngesikhathi eboshiwe, okwakungamvumela ukuba abuyele eTranskei (manje isizwe esizimele) futhi aphile impilo yakhe ekuthunjweni. Wenqaba nokulahla ubudlova, wehla ukuxoxisana nhlobo kuze kube yilapho engumuntu okhululekile.
Ngo-1985, waqala 'ukukhuluma ngezinkulumo' noNgqongqoshe wezoBulungiswa ngaleso sikhathi, uKobie Coetsee, ejele lakhe. Indlela eyimfihlo yokuxhumana nabaholi be-ANC eLusaka ekugcineni yaqalwa. NgoFebruwari 11th 1990, wakhululwa ejele ngemuva kweminyaka engama-27, ngomnyaka ofanayo wokuvinjelwa kwe-ANC futhi uMandela wakhethwa iphhini likamengameli we-ANC. Inkulumo yakhe evulekile evela emgodini waseKapa City Hall kanye nokumemeza kokunqoba kuka- Amandla! '(' Amandla! ') Kwakuyisikhathi esichazayo emlandweni wase-Afrika. Izingxoxo zingase ziqale ngobuqotho.
Ukuphila Ngemva kokuboshwa
Ngo-1993, uMandela kanye noMongameli uFW de Klerk bahlangane ngokuhlanganyela ngeNobel Peace Prize ngemizamo yabo yokuletha ukuphela kohulumeni wobandlululo. Ngonyaka olandelayo, ngo-Ephreli 27, 1994, iNingizimu Afrika yaqala ukhetho lwentando yeningi ngempela. I-ANC iphumelele ekunqobeni, futhi ngoMeyi 10 1994, uNelson Mandela ufungelwe njengoMongameli wokuqala omnyama waseMzansi waseNingizimu Afrika. Wakhuluma masinyane ngokubuyisana, ethi:
'Akukaze kube nanini, futhi ngeke kuphinde kube khona ukuthi leli zwe elihle lizophinde lihlangane nokucindezelwa komunye nomunye futhi lizwe ukuthukuthela ngokuba yi-skunk yezwe. Vumela inkululeko ibuse. '
Ngesikhathi sakhe njengomengameli, uMandela wasungula iKhomishini yeQiniso neKubuyisana, inhloso yalo ukuphenyisisa ubugebengu obwenziwa yizinhlangothi zombili zomzabalazo ngesikhathi sobandlululo. Wethula umthetho wezenhlalakahle nezomnotho oklanyelwe ukubhekana nobumpofu besibalo sabantu abamnyama, kanti futhi usebenzela ukuthuthukisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlanga zaseNingizimu Afrika. Ngaleso sikhathi iNingizimu Afrika yaziwa ngokuthi yi "Rainbow Nation".
Uhulumeni kaMandela wayeningi lobuhlanga, umthethosisekelo omusha wabonisa isifiso sakhe seNingizimu Afrika, futhi ngo-1995, wabakhuthaza ngokumnyama kokubili abamnyama nabamhlophe ukusekela imizamo yeqembu lebhola le-rugby laseNingizimu Afrika - ekugcineni laphumelela ukuphumelela ngo-1995. Cup.
Ukuphila Okuyimfihlo
UMandela wathatha izikhathi ezintathu. Washada nomkakhe wokuqala, u-Evelyn, ngo-1944 futhi waba nezingane ezine ngaphambi kokuhlukanisa ngo-1958. Ngonyaka olandelayo watshata noWinnie Madikizela, owayenezingane ezimbili. UWinnie ube nomthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu wokudala umlando kaMandela ngokusebenzisa umkhankaso wakhe onamandla wokukhulula uNelson kusukela eRobben Island. Umshado awukwazanga ukuqhubeka nezinye izinto zikaWinnie. Bahlukanisa ngo-1992 ngemuva kokukholelwa kwakhe ngokuthumba nokutholakala kokutholakala, futhi bahlukanisa ngo-1996.
UMandela walahlekelwa izingane zakhe ezintathu - uMakaziwe, owashona esemncane, indodana yakhe uThembekile, owabulawa engozini yemoto ngenkathi uMandela eboshiwe eRobben Island noMakgatho, ababulawa yi-AIDS. Umshado wakhe wesithathu, ekuzalweni kwakhe kweminyaka engama-80, ngoJulayi 1998, kwakunguGraça Machel, ongumfelokazi kaMongameli waseMozambican uSamora Machel. Waba yedwa owesifazane emhlabeni ukuze ashade nabongameli ababili bezizwe ezahlukene. Bahlala beshadile futhi bekanye naye njengoba edlula ngoDisemba 5th 2013.
Iminyaka Ezayo
UMandela wehla njengoMengameli ngo-1999, ngemuva kokuphela kwegama lakhe ehhovisi. Utholwe ukuthi unomdlavuza we-prostate ngo-2001 futhi washiya umhlalaphansi emphakathini ngo-2004. Nokho, waqhubeka esebenza ngokuthula ngenxa yezinsiza zakhe, iNelson Mandela Foundation, isikhwama seNelson Mandela Children's and the Foundation Mandela-Rhodes.
Ngo-2005 wangenelela egameni lezisulu ze- AIDS eNingizimu Afrika, evuma ukuthi indodana yakhe ishonile ngesifo. Ngosuku lwakhe lokuzalwa kuka-89 wasungula i-Elders, iqembu labaholi bamazwe abadala, kuhlanganise noKofi Annan, uJimmy Carter, uMary Robinson noDesmond Tutu phakathi kwezinye izikhanyiso zomhlaba jikelele, ukunikeza "isiqondiso ngezinkinga zomhlaba ezibucayi". UMandela washicilela indlela yakhe yokuphila, Long Walk kuya Freedom , ngo-1995, kanti uMsombuluko waseNelson Mandela waqala ukuvula ngo-2000.
UNelson Mandela ushonele ekhaya lakhe eGoli ngoDisemba 5th 2013 eneminyaka engu-95 ubudala, ngemuva kokulwa isikhathi eside nokugula. Izigcawu ezivela emhlabeni wonke zazinkonzo zesikhumbuzo eNingizimu Afrika ukuze zikhumbule omunye wabaholi abakhulu emhlabeni owaziwa.
Lesi sihloko sibuyekezwe futhi sibhalwe phansi ngokuyingxenye nguJessica Macdonald ngoDisemba wesi-2, 2016.