Imiphakathi Nemigodi Evela Ehlane
Abahambi baya esifundeni saseChaco eParaguay - Indawo yaseMelika yaseMelika yokugcina yaseFrance - ngokuvamile bayeka eFiladelfia enhliziyweni yamaMennonites eParaguay.
Abahlali baseMennonite bafika eParaguay bevela eJalimane, eCanada, eRussia nakwamanye amazwe ngezizathu eziningana: inkululeko yenkolo, ithuba lokusebenzisa izinkolelo zabo ngaphandle kokuvimbela, ukuzama komhlaba. Nakuba abafuduki baseJalimane bebehlezi eParaguay ngaphambi kwekhulu lama-20, kwakungakaze kwafika ngawo-1920 nakwa-30, abaningi bafika.
Abaningi abavela eRussia babebalekela ekubhujisweni kwe-Bolshevik Revolution kanye nokuphindaphindiwe kukaStalin. Baya eJalimane nakwamanye amazwe futhi ekugcineni bajoyina ukufuduka eParaguay.
I-Paraguay yamukela abafuduki. Phakathi neMpi Ye-Triple Alliance nomakhelwane bayo i-Uruguay, iBrazil ne-Argentina, iParaguay yalahlekelwa insimu enkulu namadoda amaningi. Iningi labantu baseParaguay lahlala endaweni engasempumalanga yezwe, empumalanga yoMfula iParaguay, ishiya i-Chaco enkulu ingabi nendawo yokuhlala. Ukuze kutholakale lesi sifunda samahlathi, amachibi, nemifula, futhi ivuselele umnotho kanye nokwehla kwabantu, iParaguay yavuma ukuvumela izindawo zeMennonite.
AmaMennonite abe nedumela lokuba abalimi abahle kakhulu, abasebenzi abasebenza kanzima, futhi baqondiswa imikhuba yabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amahemuhemu amafutha ahlala eChaco, kanye nokuqothulwa kweBolivia kuleyondawo, okwaholela empini ye-War of the Chaco ngo-1932, okwakwenza kube yisidingo sezombangazwe sokuzwakalisa isifundazwe nezakhamizi zaseParaguay.
(Ekupheleni kwempi, iBolivia yayilahlekelwe insimu enkulu eParaguay, kodwa zombili amazwe alahlekelwa ukuphila nokuthembeka.)
Ngenxa yokukhululeka kwenkolo, ukukhululwa emisebenzini yempi, ilungelo lokukhuluma isiJalimane ezikoleni nakwezinye izindawo, ilungelo lokuphatha imfundo yabo, izidakamizwa, izinhlangano zenhlalakahle kanye nezikhungo zezezimali, amaMennonites avuma ukukolisa indawo okucatshangwa ukuthi ingenasiphelo futhi ingazala ngenxa yokungabi namanzi.
Umthetho ka-1921 owadlula enkomfeni yaseParaguay empeleni wavumela iMennonites eParaguay ukuba idale umbuso ngaphakathi kweBoqueron.
Amagagasi amathathu amakhulu abafudukayo afika:
- iqembu laseCanada elivela eManitoba laqala i- Menno colony ngo-1926-1927
- iqembu elivela e-Ukraine nasendaweni yomfula u-Amour lafika ngeChina futhi ladala ikoloni yaseFernheim ngo-1930
- iqembu lababaleki baseRussia laqala i- Neuland colony ngo-1947
Izimo zazinzima kulabo abayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa abafikayo. Ukuqubuka kwesifo se-typhoid kwabulala abaningi babaqolonti bokuqala. Amakholoni aphikelela, athola amanzi, ekwakheni imiphakathi encane yokulima esebenzisanayo, imifino yezinkomo kanye nemifino yobisi. Abaningana balabo bahlanganisa ndawonye basebenza uFiladelfia ngo-1932. UFiladelfia waba isikhungo senhlangano, ezokuhweba nezezimali. Umagazini wolimi lwesiJalimane uMennoblatt owasungula ezinsukwini zakuqala uyaqhubeka nanamuhla futhi iminyuziyamu eFiladelfia ibonisa izinto ezihambayo zokuhamba kwamaMennonite nezinkinga zakuqala. Indawo inikeza lonke leli zwe ngemikhiqizo nemikhiqizo yobisi. Ungabuka ividiyo elandisa ngomlando wakwaMennonite eParaguay e-Florida Florida eFiladelfia.
Eyaziwa njengesikhungo seMennonitenkolonie , iFiladelfia ibhekwa njengomphakathi omkhulu kunawo onke futhi ojwayelekile eMennonite eParaguay kanye nendawo ekhulayo yokuvakasha kwendawo.
Izakhamuzi zisakhuluma i-Plautdietsch, ulimi lwaseCanada lubizwa nangokuthi isiJalimane esincane, noma isiJalimane esiphakeme, uHockdeutsch ezikoleni. Abaningi bakhuluma iSpanishi kanye nesiNgisi.
Ukuphumelela komphakathi wamaMenonite kuye kwabangela ukuba uhulumeni waseParaguay ukwandise ukuthuthukiswa kweChaco, ngokusekelwe kokutholakala kwamanzi ahlanzekile. Abanye emphakathini wamaMennonite besaba ukuthi inkululeko yabo ingaba yingozi.
I-peanut, i-sesame, ne-sorgum amasimu azungeze iFiladelfia iheha izilwane zasendle, ikakhulukazi izinyoni futhi ziletha abadlali bezemidlalo emhlabeni wonke ngenjongo yokudubula amajuba kanye namajuba. Abanye beza ukuzingela noma i-safaris yezithombe ukuze babheke izilwane zasendle ezisengozini kanye namajagu, ama-pumas nama-ocelots.
Ezinye, njengezizwe ezimbalwa zaseNdiya, zidonsa izizathu zomnotho. Abahambi ukuya eChaco bathenga ngezandla zabo, njengalabo abadalwa yiNivaclé.
Ngomgwaqo omkhulu we-Trans-Chaco oxhumanisa i-Asunción (eqhele ngamakhilomitha angu-450) noFiladelfia, i-Chaco iyatholakala kalula. Abantu abaningi basebenzisa iFiladelfia njengesisekelo sokuhlola i-Chaco.
Izinto okumele uzenze futhi ubone ngaphakathi noFiladelfia:
- Jakob Unger Museum eFiladelfia ukulandisa kweMennonite ukufika nomlando, kanye nezinto eziphathelene nezizwe zaseNdiya zaseChaco. Ungaphuthelwa umdabu obonisa uhambo lomuntu oyedwa emazweni amaningana ukusuka eRussia kuya eParaguay.
- ULoma Plata e-Menno colony yiyona endala kunazo zonke futhi zendabuko yeMennonitenkolonie . I-museum ibonisa imininingwane yokulima kwasekuqaleni ngemishini, indlu yephayona nezithombe.
- I-Neu-Halbstadt e-Neuland colony yiyona ndawo ephakathi koloni kanye nendawo enhle yokuthenga yezandla zaseNdiya.
- I-Fortín Toledo ukuvakashela indawo yokugcina ye-Proyecto Tagua lapho i-peccaries eseduze nayo yonke indawo iyalondolozwa futhi ihanjiswe endle.
- I-Parque Nacional Defensores del Chaco , ithafa elilodwa elinamapulangwe elinesici esikhulu esiyi-500m (1640ft) i-Cerro León. Ihlathi elikhulu elinameva liyikhaya le-jaguar, i-puma, i-ocelot nekaGeffrey's cat. Ungakwazi ukugibela umgibeli ngoba kungekho ukuhamba komphakathi emigwaqweni engapheli.
Kusukela eFiladelfia, iRuta Trans-Chaco iyaqhubeka neBolivia. Yilungele ukugibela uthuli, esimweni sezulu esomile, ngezinyawo eMariscal Estigarribia naseColonia La Patria, nakuba ungalindeli noma yiziphi izinsiza. Uma ukhona ngo-Septhemba, thatha isikhathi se-Transchaco Rally.
Njengabahambi abaningi, uzovele ushiye izwe uthi, "Ngithanda iParaguay!"