Ngesikhathi ukuhlala uphephile e-Afrika ngokuvamile kuyindaba yokuqonda, kunezifunda ezithile noma amazwe aphephile ngokusemthethweni kubavakashi. Uma usenkonzweni yokuhlela uhambo oluya e-Afrika futhi ungaqiniseki ngokuphepha kwendawo oyikhethile, kuwumqondo omuhle ukuhlola izixwayiso zokuhamba ezikhishwe uMnyango Wezezwe wase-US.
Iziphi Izixwayiso Zokuhamba?
Izixwayiso zokuhamba noma izincomo zikhishwa uhulumeni ngomzamo wokuxwayisa izakhamuzi zase-US ngezingozi zokuhamba endaweni ethile noma ezweni.
Zisekelwe ekuhloleni kobuchwepheshe besimo sezwe samanje sezombangazwe nezenhlalakahle. Ngokuvamile, izixwayiso zokuhamba zikhishwa njengendlela yokusabela ezinkingeni ngokushesha ezifana nempi yombango, ukuhlaselwa kwamaphekula noma ukushaya kwezombusazwe. Bangaphinde bakhishwe ngenxa yezimpikiswano zomphakathi eziqhubekayo noma amanani okulwa nobugebengu obukhulu; futhi ngezinye izikhathi kubonisa ukukhathazeka kwezempilo (njenge-West Africa ebola isifo se-2014).
Njengamanje, izincomo zokuhamba zibalwa ngezilinganiso ezi-1 kuya kwezingu-4. Izinga 1 "ukuzivivinya okujwayelekile", okusho ukuthi akukho ukukhathazeka okukhethekile okwamanje okuphathelene nokuphepha. I-Level 2 "ukuzivocavoca kwandisa ukuqapha", okusho ukuthi kunengozi ethile ezindaweni ezithile, kodwa kufanele usakwazi ukuhamba ngokuphepha uma nje wazi ukuthi ubungozi bese wenza ngendlela efanele. I-Level 3 "ubuyekeze kabusha ukuhamba", okusho ukuthi konke okuhambayo kodwa okubalulekile akukhuthazwa. I-Level 4 "awuhambi", okusho ukuthi isimo samanje siyingozi kakhulu kubavakashi.
Ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi mayelana nezimo ezikhuthaza izixwayiso zokuhamba ngabanye, cabangela ukuhlola iziphakamiso ezikhishwe abanye ohulumeni, kuhlanganise neCanada, e-Australia nase-United Kingdom.
Iziphakamiso zamanje zokuhamba nge-US zamazwe ase-Afrika
Ngezansi, sibhale zonke iziphakamiso zokuhamba nge-Afrika ezibekwe ku-Level 2 noma ngaphezulu.
Ukuziphendulela: Sicela uqaphele ukuthi izixwayiso zokuhamba zishintsha sonke isikhathi kanti ngenkathi lesi sihloko sibuyekezwa njalo, kungcono ukuhlola iwebhusayithi ye-US Department of State ngqo ngaphambi kokubhuka uhambo lwakho.
I-Algeria
Iseluleko sokuhamba ngezinga lesi-2 esikhishwe ngenxa yobuphekula. Ukuhlaselwa kobuphekula kungase kwenzeke ngaphandle kokuxwayisa, futhi kubhekwe njengamathuba ezindaweni zasemaphandleni. Isixwayiso ikakhulukazi sinxusa ngokuhambela izindawo zasemaphandleni ezingamakhilomitha angu-50 ukusuka emngceleni waseTunisia, noma engamakhilomitha angu-250 ukusuka emingceleni yeLibya, iNiger, Mali neMauritania. Uhambo oluhamba phambili oluhamba ehlane laseSahara nalo alukhuthazwa.
Burkina Faso
Iseluleko sokuhamba ngezinga lesi-2 esikhishwe ngenxa yobugebengu nobuphekula. Ubugebengu obunobudlova buyande kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, futhi kuvame ukubhekela izizwe zakwamanye amazwe. Ukuhlaselwa kobuphekula kwenzekile futhi kungenzeka futhi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Ngokuyinhloko, ukululekwa kwexwayisa ngokumelene nakho konke okuya esifundeni saseSahel emngceleni weMali noNiger, lapho ukuhlasela kwamaphekula kufaka khona ukuthunjwa kwezivakashi zaseWestern.
I-Burundi
Iseluleko sokuhamba ngezinga lesi-3 esikhishwe ngenxa yobugebengu kanye nempi. Ubugebengu obudlova, kuhlanganise nokuhlaselwa kwama-grenade, kuvamile. Ubudlova obuqhamukayo buba khona ngenxa yokuhlukunyezwa okuqhubekayo kwezombangazwe, kanti amaphoyisa namasosha okuhlola amasosha angakwazi ukuvimbela inkululeko yokuhamba.
Ngokuyinhloko, ukuhlukunyezwa emiphandleni ngamaqembu ahlomile avela e-DRC kuvamile ezifundazweni zaseCibitoke naseBubanza.
Cameroon
Iseluleko sokuhamba ngezinga le-2 esikhishwe ngenxa yobugebengu. Ubugebengu obuhlukumezayo kuyinkinga kulo lonke elaseCameroon, nakuba ezinye izindawo zimbi kakhulu kunezinye. Ikakhulukazi, uhulumeni weluleka ngokuhamba ngezindawo eziya eNyakatho naseNyakatho nasezingxenyeni zaseMpumalanga naseAdamawa. Kulezi zindawo, amathuba amaphekula abuye aphakanyiswe futhi ukuthunjwa kuyimbangela yokukhathazeka.
I-Central African Republic
Iseluleko sezokuhamba ngezinga le-4 esikhishwe ngenxa yobugebengu nokuhlukunyezwa komphakathi. Ukuphanga ngezikhali, ukubulala nokuhlaselwa okuvuthiwe kuvamile, kanti amaqembu ahlomile alawula izindawo ezinkulu zezwe futhi ngokuvamile ahlose izakhamizi ngokuthunjwa nokubulala. Ukuvalwa kwemimoya yomoya kanye nemingcele yomhlaba lapho kwenzeka ukuqhuma komphakathi kusho ukuthi izakhamuzi cishe ziyobekwa uma kuphazamiseka.
I-Chad
Iseluleko sokuhamba ngezinga lesi-3 esikhishwe ngenxa yobugebengu, ubuphekula kanye nemigodi yamayini. Ubugebengu obunobudlova bubikwe e-Chad, kuyilapho amaqembu amaphekula ehamba kalula futhi ephuma ezweni futhi asebenza ngokukhethekile esifundeni saseLake Chad. Imingcele ingavimba ngaphandle kokuxwayisa, ishiya abavakashele. Izindawo zokumbiwa kwamatshe zikhona eduze kwemingcele neLibiya neSudan.
ECôte d'Ivoire
Iseluleko sokuhamba ngezinga lesi-2 esikhishwe ngenxa yobugebengu nobuphekula. Ukuhlaselwa kobuphekula kungenzeka nganoma yisiphi isikhathi futhi kungenzeka ukuthi kubheke izindawo zokuvakasha. Ubugebengu obunobudlova (kubandakanya ukuqoqwa kwemoto, ukuhlasela ekhaya kanye nokuphanga okuhlomile) kuvamile, kanti izikhulu zikahulumeni zase-US zingavunyelwe ukushayela ngaphandle kwamadolobha amakhulu emva kokunyama futhi ngaleyo ndlela zinganikeza usizo olulinganiselwe.
Republic of Democratic Republic of the Congo
Iseluleko sokuhamba ngezinga lesi-2 esikhishwe ngenxa yobugebengu nokuhlukunyezwa komphakathi. Kukhona izinga eliphakeme lobugebengu obunobudlova, kubandakanya ukuphanga okuhlomile, ukuhlaselwa ngokocansi nokuhlaselwa. Imibukiso yezombusazwe ivame kakhulu futhi ivame ukufaka isicelo esiphezulu sokuphendula umthetho. Ukuhambela empumalanga yeCongo nasezifundazweni ezintathu zaseKasai akukhuthazwa ngenxa yezingxabano eziqhubekayo.
I-Egypt
Iseluleko sokuhamba ngezinga lesi-2 esikhishwe ngenxa yobuphekula. Amaqembu ezombangazwe aqhubeka nokukhomba izindawo zokuvakasha, izindawo zikahulumeni kanye nezindawo zokuhamba, kuyilapho izindiza zezindiza zibhekwa njengengozini. Ezinye izindawo zingozi kunezinye. Izindawo eziningi zokuvakasha zezwe zibhekwa njengokuphephile; ngenkathi uhambo oluya eNtshonalanga YaseNtshonalanga, iNhlonishwa yaseSinayi nomngcele awunconywa.
Eritrea
Iseluleko sezokuhamba kwezinga le-2 esikhishwe ngenxa yemingcele yokuhamba nokusizwa okunomkhawulo wokusiza. Uma uboshiwe e-Eritrea, kungenzeka ukuthi ukutholakala kosizo lwe-Embassy yase-US kuzovinjelwa umthetho wendawo. Abavakashi balulekwa ukuba bacabangele ukuhambela esifundeni somngcele waseTopiya ngenxa yokungazinzi kwezombusazwe, izibhamu eziqhubekayo kanye nemayini yamabhomu engabonakali.
Ethiopia
Iseluleko sezokuvakasha sezinga le-2 esikhishwe ngenxa yezinkinga zemiphakathi kanye nokuphazamiseka kokuxhumana. Ukuhambela eMbusweni WesiFunda saseSomalia akukwaziswa ngenxa yezingxabano zomphakathi, ubuphekula kanye nemithi. Ubugebengu kanye nokuhlukunyezwa komphakathi nakho kubonakala sengathi kukhona esifundeni sase-East Hararge esifundeni sase-Oromia, endaweni yokucindezeleka yaseDanakil kanye nemingcele neKenya, iSudan, iSudan ne-Eritrea.
I-Guinea-Bissau
Iseluleko sokuhamba ngezinga lesi-3 esikhishwe ngenxa yobugebengu kanye nokuhlukunyezwa komphakathi. Ubugebengu obudlova kuyinkinga kulo lonke elaseGuinea-Bissau kodwa ikakhulukazi ezindiza eBissau naseBangim Market phakathi nenhloko-dolobha. Ukuhlukunyezwa kwezombusazwe nokuhlukunyezwa kwezenhlalakahle sekuye kwaqhubeka amashumi eminyaka, futhi impikiswano phakathi kwezingxenye zingabangela ubudlova ukuqhuma nganoma isiphi isikhathi. Ayikho i-Embassy yase-United States e-Guinea-Bissau.
Kenya
Iseluleko sokuhamba ngezinga le-2 esikhishwe ngenxa yobugebengu. Ubugebengu obuhlukumezayo kuyinkinga kulo lonke elaseKenya, futhi izivakashi zeluleka ukuba zigweme indawo yase-Nairobi e-Eastleigh ngezikhathi zonke, ne-Old Town eMombasa ngemva kokunyama. Ukuhamba emngceleni waseKenya - Somalia kanye nezinye izindawo ezisogwini akukhuthazwa ngenxa yokwanda kwamaphekula.
Libya
Iseluleko sezokuhamba ngezinga le-4 esikhishwe ngenxa yobugebengu, ubuphekula, impikiswano yempi kanye nokuhlukunyezwa komphakathi. Amathuba okubanjwa emisebenzini enobudlova ephezulu, kanti amaqembu amaphekula kungenzeka aqondise abantu bezinye izizwe (ikakhulukazi izakhamizi zase-US). Izindiza zomphakathi zisengozini ekuhlaselweni kwamaphekula, futhi izindiza eziphuma nasezikhungweni zezindiza zaseLibya zikhanseliwe njalo, zishiya izivakashi zikhishwe.
Mali
Iseluleko sokuhamba ngezinga le-4 esikhishwe ngenxa yobugebengu nobuphekula. Ubugebengu obudlova buvamile kulo lonke izwe kodwa ikakhulukazi eBamako nasezindaweni eziseningizimu zaseMali. Amabhasi kanye nokuhlola okungahleliwe kwamaphoyisa kuvumela amaphoyisa awonakele ukuba asebenzise izakhamuzi ezihamba emigwaqweni, ikakhulukazi ebusuku. Ukuhlaselwa kobuphekula kuyaqhubeka nokukhomba izindawo ezivame ukuhanjiswa ngabangaphandle.
I-Mauritania
Iseluleko sokuhamba ngezinga le-3 esikhishwe ngenxa yobugebengu nobuphekula. Ukuhlaselwa kobuphekula kungenzeka ngaphandle kokuxwayisa futhi kungenzeka ukukhomba izindawo ezivakashelwe izivakashi zaseWestern. Ubugebengu obudlova (kubandakanya ukuphanga, ukudlwengula, ukuhlaselwa nokuguqulwa) kuvamile, kanti izikhulu zikahulumeni wase-US kufanele zithole imvume ekhethekile yokuhamba ngaphandle kukaNouakchott futhi zinganikeza usizo olulinganiselwe uma kwenzeka eziphuthumayo.
I-Niger
Iseluleko sokuhamba ngezinga le-3 esikhishwe ngenxa yobugebengu nobuphekula. Ubugebengu obudlova buvame, kanti ukuhlaselwa kwamaphekula nokuthunjwa kuhloswe kuzo izikhungo zikahulumeni zakwamanye amazwe nezindawo nezindawo ezivakashelwa yizivakashi. Ikakhulukazi, gwema ukuhamba ezindaweni ezikude - ikakhulukazi esifundeni seDiffa, esifundeni saseLake Chad nomngcele waseMali, lapho amaqembu aqinile awaziwa khona ukusebenza.
ENigeria
Iseluleko sokuhamba ngezinga le-3 esikhishwe ngenxa yobugebengu, ubuphekula kanye nobuqili. Ubugebengu obudlova buvame eNigeria, kanti ukuhlasela kwamaphekula kuqondana nezindawo ezigcwele ezindaweni nasezindaweni ezizungeze i-Federal Capital Territory nakwezinye izindawo zasemadolobheni. Ngokuyinhloko, amazwe asenyakatho (ikakhulukazi i-Borno) athambekele ekusebenzeni kwamaphekula. I-piracy iyakhathalela abahambi eGulf of Guinea, okumele kugwenywe uma kunokwenzeka.
I-Republic of Congo
Iseluleko sokuhamba ngezinga lesi-2 esikhishwe ngenxa yobugebengu nokuhlukunyezwa komphakathi. Ubugebengu obuhlukumezayo bukhathazeka kulo lonke elaseRiphabhlikhi yaseCongo, kanti imibhikisho yezombangazwe ivela njalo futhi ivame ukuguqula ubudlova. Abavakashi balulekwa ukuba bacabangele ukuhamba emaphandleni aseningizimu nasentshonalanga esifundeni sePiscine, lapho imisebenzi eqhubekayo yempi ibangela ingozi ephezulu yokuqhudelana komphakathi kanye nokulwa kwempi.
Sierra Leone
Iseluleko sokuhamba ngezinga le-2 esikhishwe ngenxa yobugebengu. Ubugebengu obunobudlova kuhlanganise nokushaya nokuphanga kuvamile, kanti amaphoyisa asekhaya akakwazi ukuphendula ngokuphumelelayo izigameko. Abasebenzi baseHulumeni base-US bavinjelwe ukuhamba ngaphandle kweFreetown ngemuva kokunyama, ngakho-ke banganikeza usizo olulinganiselwe kunoma yiziphi izivakashi ezitholakala enkingeni.
ESomalia
Iseluleko sezokuhamba ngezinga le-4 esikhishwe ngenxa yobugebengu, ubuphekula kanye nobugebengu. Ubugebengu obunobudlova buvame yonke indawo, ngezigameko ezingekho emthethweni ezivame ukutholakala nokuthunjwa nokubulawa kwabantu. Ukuhlaselwa kobuphekula kubheke izivakashi zaseWestern, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi kwenzeke ngaphandle kokuxwayisa. I-piracy igcwele emanzini angaphandle emhlabeni ovela eMpumalanga ye-Afrika, ikakhulukazi eduze nogu lwaseSomalia.
Iningizimu Afrika
Iseluleko sokuhamba ngezinga le-2 esikhishwe ngenxa yobugebengu. Ubugebengu obunobudlova kuhlanganise nokuphanga, ukudlwengula nokubheja nokuhlaselwa kwezimoto kuvamile eNingizimu Afrika, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziphakathi kwamabhizinisi amakhulu ngemuva kokunyama. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izindawo eziningi zezwe zibhekwa njengeziphephile kakhulu - ikakhulukazi amapaki ezemidlalo yasemaphandleni nezindawo zokugcina.
South Sudan
Iseluleko sezokuhamba ngezinga le-4 esikhishwe ngenxa yobugebengu nempi. Impi eqhubekayo iqhubeka phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukahlukene ezombusazwe nakwezinye izizwe, kanti ubugebengu obunobudlova buvamile. Izinga lobugebengu eJuba ikakhulukazi zibalulekile, iziphathimandla zikahulumeni zase-US zivumela kuphela ukuhamba ngezimoto zokuzivikela. Imikhawulo ekuhambeni okusemthethweni ngaphandle kweJuba kusho ukuthi izivakashi azikwazi ukuthembela ekusizeni esimweni esiphuthumayo.
Sudan
Iseluleko sokuhamba ngezinga le-3 esikhishwe ngenxa yobuphekula kanye nokuhlukunyezwa komphakathi. Amaqembu amaphekula aseSudan asho ukuhlose ukulimaza abaseNtshonalanga, futhi ukuhlasela kungenzeka, ikakhulu eKhayrtoum. Ngenxa yokuhlukumezeka komphakathi, isikhathi sokufihla isikhathi sibekwa ngaphandle kwesixwayiso, kanti ukuboshwa okungaqondakali kungenzeka. Bonke abaya esifundeni saseDarfur, umbuso weBlue Nile nezwe laseNingizimu Kordofan kubhekwa kungaphephile ngenxa yempi.
Tanzania
Iseluleko sokuhamba ngezinga lesi-2 esikhishwe ngenxa yobugebengu, ubuphekula kanye nokubhekwa kwabahambi be-LGBTI. Ubugebengu obudlova buvame eTanzania, futhi kufaka ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili, ukuthumba, ukufaka impahla kanye nokuthutha imoto. Amaqembu amaphekula aqhubeka nokuhlela ukuhlaselwa ezindaweni ezivakashelwe izivakashi zaseWestern, futhi kube khona imibiko yabahambi be-LGBTI behlukunyezwa noma baboshwa futhi bebekwa icala ngamacala angalingani.
Ukuhamba
Iseluleko sokuhamba ngezinga lesi-2 esikhishwe ngenxa yobugebengu nokuhlukunyezwa komphakathi. Ubugebengu bobudlova obungavamile (njengamakhojacking) kanye nobugebengu obuhleliwe (kubandakanya ukuphanga ngezikhali) kuvamile, kanti izigebengu ngokwazo zivame ukuhloswa ngokubambisana ngokubambisana. Izimpikiswano zomphakathi ziholela ekuboniseni okuvamile komphakathi, bobabili ababhikishi namaphoyisa abhekene namasu okudlwengula.
I-Tunisia
Iseluleko sokuhamba ngezinga lesi-2 esikhishwe ngenxa yobuphekula. Izindawo ezithile zibhekwa njengengozi yokuhlasela kunabanye. Uhulumeni weluleka ngokuhamba e-Sidi Bou Zid, enkangala eningizimu yeRemada, izindawo zomngcele wase-Algeria kanye nezindawo zezintaba enyakatho-ntshonalanga (kuhlanganise neChaambi Mountain National Park). Ukuhamba ngaphakathi kwamakhilomitha angu-30 emngceleni waseLibya nakho akunconywa.
Uganda
Iseluleko sokuhamba ngezinga le-2 esikhishwe ngenxa yobugebengu. Nakuba izindawo eziningi zase-Uganda zibhekwa njengeziphephile, kunezigameko eziphezulu zobugebengu obunobudlova (kubandakanya ukuphanga ngezikhali, ukuhlasela ekhaya nokuhlaselwa ngokobulili) emadolobheni amakhulu amakhulu. Abavakashi bayalwa ukuba banakekele eKampala nase-Entebbe. Amaphoyisa wendawo ayenayo imithombo yokuphendula ngokuphumelelayo esimweni esiphuthumayo.
Zimbabwe
Iseluleko sokuhamba ngezinga lesi-2 esikhishwe ngenxa yobugebengu nokuhlukunyezwa komphakathi. Ukungahlali kwezombusazwe, ubunzima bezomnotho kanye nemiphumela yesomiso samanje kuye kwaholela emincintiswaneni yomphakathi, engase ibonakale ngemiboniso enobudlova. Ubugebengu obunobudlova buvame futhi buvame ezindaweni ezivakashelwe izivakashi zaseWestern. Izivakashi zeluleka ukuba zingabonakali izimpawu ezibonakalayo zomcebo.