Izifo eziningi ze-Afrika ezidume kakhulu zidluliselwa yizinyosi - kuhlanganise ne- malaria , i-yellow fever ne-feengue fever. Kodwa-ke, umiyane akuyona kuphela inambuzane ebulalayo engase ibulawe kuleli zwekazi lase-Afrika. Izimpukane ze-Tsetse zidlulisa i-trypanosomiasis yase-Afrika (noma ukugula okulele) ezilwaneni nakubantu emazweni angama-39 ase-Sahara. Ukutheleleka kuvame ukuvalelwa ezindaweni zasemaphandleni, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi kuthinte labo abahlela emapulazini noma ezindaweni zokulondoloza imidlalo.
I-Tsetse Fly
Igama elithi "tsetse" lisho ukuthi "fly" ngesi-Tswana, futhi libhekisela kuzo zonke izinhlobo ezingu-23 zezinhlobo ze-flying Glossina. Izimpukane ze-Tsetse zidla egazini lezilwane ze-vertebrate, kubandakanya abantu, futhi ngokwenza njalo, zithumela izifo zokugula ezilele ezilwaneni ezigciwane. Izimpukane zifana nezimpukane ezijwayelekile zendlu, kodwa zingabonakala ngezici ezimbili ezihlukanisayo. Zonke izinhlobo ze-fly ze-fly zine-probe encane, noma i-proboscis, eqhubeka ngokuzulazula ukusuka ekhanda lazo. Lapho bephumula, amaphiko abo aphinda phezu kwesisu, esisodwa phezulu kwesinye.
Ukugula Ukugula Ezilwaneni
I-trypanosomiasis yezilwane yase-Afrika inomphumela omubi emfuyweni, ikakhulukazi ezinkomo. Izilwane ezithathelwanayo ziba zibuthakathaka, kangangokuthi azikwazi ukulima noma ukukhiqiza ubisi. Abesifazane abakhulelwe bavame ukubulala izingane zabo, futhi ekugcineni, isisulu sizofa. I-Prophylactics yezinkomo iyabiza futhi ayisebenzisi njalo.
Ngakho-ke, ukulima okukhulu akunakwenzeka ezindaweni ezithintekile. Labo abazama ukugcina izinkomo bahlushwa ukugula nokufa, cishe izinkomo eziyizigidi ezingu-3 ezifa minyaka yonke kusukela kulolu sifo.
Ngenxa yalokhu, inhlanzi ye-tsetse ingenye yezidalwa ezithonya kakhulu kuleli zwekazi lase-Afrika.
Ikhona endaweni efinyelela cishe amakhilomitha ayizigidi eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyishumi e-Afrika engaphansi kweSahara - umhlaba ovundile ongeke uphumelele ngempumelelo. Ngenxa yalokho, inhlanzi ye-tsetse ibhekwa njengenye yezimbangela ezinkulu zobumpofu e-Afrika. Emazweni angu-39 abathintekayo yi-trypanosomiasis yezilwane zase-Afrika, ama-30 ahlukaniswa njengamazwe aphansi-engenayo imali yokudla.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inhlanzi ye-tsetse nayo ibhekele ukugcina amapheshana amakhulu endlu yasendle okungenzeka ukuthi yaguqulwa emapulazini. Lezi zindawo ziyizinqaba zokugcina zezilwane zasendle zase-Afrika zasemakhaya. Nakuba izilwane zasolwandle (ikakhulukazi i-antelope ne-warthog) zisengozini yalesi sifo, zingenamandla kakhulu kunezinkomo.
Ukugula Ukugula Kubantu
Kulezi zinhlobo ezingu-23 zama-fly, ukuphela kwesithupha ukugula ukugula kubantu. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-trypanosomiasis ase-Afrika: i- Trypanosoma brucei gambiense no- Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense . I-former yilapho ivame kakhulu, ilandelwe ngamaphesenti angu-97 wezimangalo ezibikiwe. Ivalwe e- Afrika Ephakathi naseNtshonalanga , futhi ingahamba ingakapheli izinyanga ngaphambi kokuba izimpawu ezinkulu zivele. Uhlobo lokugcina aluvamile kakhulu, ngokushesha ukuthuthukisa futhi luvalelwe eNingizimu naseMpumalanga Afrika .
I-Uganda yiyona yodwa izwe elinomabili iTb gambiense ne- Tb rhodesiense .
Izimpawu zokugula zihlanganisa ukukhathala, ikhanda, imisipha yomzimba kanye nomkhuhlane ophezulu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lesi sifo sithinta isimiso senzwa esisemkhatsini, okubangelwa ukuphazamiseka kokulala, ukukhathazeka kwengqondo, ukuhlukunyezwa, ukuqhwaba futhi ekugcineni, ukufa. Ngenhlanhla, ukugula kwabantu kuhla. Ngokusho kweWorld Health Organization, ngesikhathi kunezibalo ezintsha ezingu-300 000 zalesi sifo ngo-1995, kulinganiselwa ukuthi kwakukhona amacala amasha angu-15 000 kuphela ngo-2014. Ukunciphisa kubhekene nokulawulwa okungcono kwama-flyfish, kanye nokuxilongwa okuthuthukisiwe futhi ukwelashwa.
Gwema Ukugula Ukugula
Ayikho imishanguzo noma i-prophylactics yokugula kwabantu. Indlela kuphela yokugwema ukutheleleka ukugwema ukulunywa - noma kunjalo, uma ulunywe, amathuba okutheleleka asemancane.
Uma uhlela ukuhamba endaweni enegciwane le-tsetse, qiniseka ukupakisha amahembe angenamikhono nama-pantant ende. Isendwangu esisisindo esincane singcono, ngoba izimpukane zingaluma ngokusebenzisa izinto ezincane. Amathoni angathathi hlangothi ayadingeka, njengoba izimpukane zikhanga imibala ekhanyayo, emnyama neyensimbi (ikakhulukazi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka - kunesizathu sokuthi ama-safari aqondisa njalo agqoka ikhaki).
Izimpukane ze-Tsetse nazo zikhanga izimoto ezihambayo, ngakho qiniseka ukuhlola imoto yakho noma iloli ngaphambi kokuqala imoto yezemidlalo. Bahlala ehlathini elikhulu ngesikhathi samahora ashisa kakhulu, ngakho-ke isimiso sokuhamba nge-safaris ekuseni nakusihlwa. Ukuphika kwezinambuzane kusebenza ngokusemthethweni ekugcinizeni izimpukane. Kodwa-ke, kufanelekile ukutshala izimpahla eziphathekayo ze-permethrin, futhi ukuphika ngezithako ezisebenzayo kufaka phakathi i-DEET, i-Picaridin noma i-OLE. Qinisekisa ukuthi indawo yakho yokulala noma ihhotela linomlenze womswakama, noma upake iphathekayo esikhwameni sakho.
Ukwelapha Ukugula Ukugula
Hlala uphazamise izimpawu ezibalwe ngenhla, noma ngabe zenzeka ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngemuva kokuba ubuye endaweni ephethe igciwane lesifo. Uma usola ukuthi ngabe usulelekile, funa ukwelashwa ngokushesha, uqiniseke ukuthi utshela udokotela wakho ukuthi usanda kuchitha isikhathi ezweni elincane. Izidakamizwa ozonikezwa zixhomeke emthonjeni we-tsetse onakho, kodwa kunoma yikuphi, kungenzeka ukuthi kuzodingeka uhlolwe iminyaka emibili ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwelashwa kuphumelele.
Ubungozi bokuphikisana nokugula
Naphezu kokuqina kwesi sifo, akufanele uvumele ukwesaba ukuthola ukugula okulele kukuvimbela ukuba ufike e-Afrika. Okuyiqiniso ukuthi izivakashi azikwazi ukutheleleka, ngoba labo abasengozini kakhulu bangabalimi basezindaweni zasemaphandleni, abazingeli nabadobi abanezikhathi ezithengiswayo ezindaweni ezibhekene nazo. Uma ukhathazekile, gwema ukuya eRemocratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Amacala angu-70% avela lapha, futhi yilo kuphela izwe elinamacala amasha angaphezu kuka-1 000 ngonyaka.
Izindawo ezihambela izindawo zokuvakasha njengeMalawi, Uganda, eTanzania naseZimbabwe zonke zibika amacala amasha angaphansi kuka-100 ngonyaka. I-Botswana, iKenya, Mozambique, iNamibia neRwanda ayizange ibike amacala amasha eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-10, kuyilapho iNingizimu Afrika ibhekwa njengokulala ukugula. Eqinisweni, izinqolobane eziseningizimu yeSouth Africa yiyona ndlela yokubheja okungcono kakhulu kunoma ubani okhathazekile ngezifo ezithwalwa yizidakamizwa, njengoba nazo zingenayo i-malaria, i-yellow fever ne-dengue.