Indoda enamandla kakhulu eNingizimu Melika - ngosuku lwakhe
USimón Bolívar wayengumuntu onzima. Wayengumhlekazi, i-aristocrat ephephile efa lakhe kanye nesimo sakhe, indoda efundele kahle kanye nomuntu ojulile ocingayo owakuthanda izinto ezenziwe ngendlela yakhe, umbono wezombusazwe kanye noguquko.Wazalwa ngoJulayi 24, 1783 kuCaracas, indodana yezinzalamizi ezenza kahle, u-Juan Vicente Bolívar y Ponte nomkakhe, doña Maria de la Concepción Palacios y Blanco, futhi eminyakeni yakhe yokuqala yagcwala zonke izinzuzo yengcebo nesimo.
Ama-Tutors ahlinzekwa ngokuhle kakhulu kuma-classics, kuhlanganise nomlando kanye namasiko aseRoma lasendulo neGrisi, kanye nemigomo ye-neo-classical eyaziwayo eYurophu ngaleso sikhathi, ikakhulukazi yilezi zefilosofi yaseFrance uJean Jacques Rousseau.
Abazali bakhe bashonele ngesikhathi eneminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye, kanti uSimón osemncane wasala enakekelwa ngabazala bakhe, uCarlos no-Esteban Palacios. UCarlos Palacios wamkhulisa waze waba neminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu, ngaleso sikhathi wathunyelwa eYurophu ukuze aqhubeke nemfundo no-Esteban Palacios. Endleleni, wama eMexico, lapho wamangaza khona uViceroy ngezinsolo zakhe zokuzibusa ngaphandle kweSpain.
E-Spain, wahlangana futhi wathandana kakhulu noMaria Teresa Rodríguez del Toro no-Alaysa owashada naye ngo-1802, lapho eneminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye. Baya eVenezuela ngonyaka olandelayo, isinqumo esibulalayo, ngoba uMaria Teresa wabulawa yi-yellow fever ngaphambi konyaka. Ngenhliziyo ebuhlungu, uSimón wathembisa ukuthi angeke aphinde ashade, isifungo ayewugcina impilo yakhe yonke.
Lapho ebuyela eSpain ngo-1804, uSimón wabona ngokuzenzekelayo isimo sezombusazwe lapho uNapoleon ememezela ukuthi unguMbusi wabeka umfowabo uJoseph esihlalweni sobukhosi saseSpain. Ehlukumezekile nokuguqulwa kukaNapoleon ngesimo sakhe sombuso sangaphambilini, uSimón wahlala eYurophu, ehamba, efakazela ushintsho emuva ebukhosini nasembusweni.
Kwakuse-Italy ukuthi wenza isifungo sakhe esidumile sokungaze aphumule kuze kube yilapho iSouth America ikhululekile.
Lapho ebuyela eVenezuela, uSimón wavakashela e-United States, lapho akungabazeki ukuthi wabona umehluko phakathi kwezwe elisha elizimele namakoloni aseSpain eNingizimu Melika. Ngo-1808, iVenezuela yamemezela ukuzibusa kwayo kusukela eSpain no-Andrés Bello, uLuis López Mendez noSimón bathunyelwa eLondon ngenhloso yokubambisana. USimón Bolívar wabuyela eVenezuela ngoJuni 3, 1811 kanti ngo-Agasti wenza inkulumo ekhuthaza ukuzibusa. Wabamba iqhaza empini yaseValencia ngaphansi komyalo kaFrancisco de Miranda, owaziwa ngokuthi yi-Precursor. UMiranda naye wazalwa eCaracas, ngo-1750, wajoyina ibutho laseSpain. Wayengumasosha onolwazi, elwa e-American Revolution naseFrance Revolutionary Wars, nasenkonzweni kaCatherine the Great, ngaphambi kokujoyina imizamo yokuguqula eVenezuela ngo-1810.
U-Miranda wenza njengobushiqela waseVenezuela kuze kube yilapho umkhosi wasebukhosini waseSpain eguqulwa ukunqoba eValencia futhi wamfaka. USimón Bolívar waya eCartagena, lapho abhala khona iCartagena Manifesto lapho ephikisana khona ngokubambisana phakathi kweVenezuela neNew Granada ukuze bathole ukuzimela kwabo eSpain.
Waphumelela, futhi ngenkxaso evela eNew Granada, eyabe ihlanganisa iColombia, iPanama kanye nengxenye yosuku lwangempela eVenezuela, yahlasela iVenezuela. Wathatha uMerida, wabe eseCaracas, futhi wamemezelwa u- El Libertador . Kanti, impumelelo yesikhashana futhi waphoqeleka ukuba afune isiphephelo eJamaica, lapho ebhala incwadi evelele evela eJamaica. Ngemva kokufa kukaMilanda ngo-1816, futhi ngosizo lwaseHaiti, uBolívar wabuyela eVenezuela ngo-1817 futhi waqhubeka empini.
I-Battle of Boyaca ngo-Agasti 7, 1819 kwaba ukunqoba okukhulu kweBolívar namabutho akhe. I-Angostura Congress yasungula iGran Colombia kusukela emazweni anamuhla eVenezuela, eColombia, ePanama nase-Ecuador. UBolívar wabizwa ngokuthi umongameli futhi waqhubeka nokuqinisa ukuzibusa okusha nokulwa okuqhubekayo neSpain no-Antonio José de Sucre, ohlakaniphiwe wezempi owenza njengenkosikazi enkulu yeBolívar; UFrancisco Antonio Zea, u-Vice-Mongameli kusukela ngo-1819 kuya ku-1821; noFrancisco de Paula Santander, umongameli we-1821 kuya ku-1828.
Ngalesi sikhathi, uSimón Bolívar wayesebenza kahle kakhulu eNingizimu Melika.
Eminyakeni eyalandela iMpi yaseBoyaca, ukulawulwa kweSpain kwaqothulwa futhi abahlukumezi banqoba. Ngokunqotshwa kuka-Antonio José de Sucre ngokuzimisela e-Battle of Pichincha ngo-May 23, 1822, enyakatho yeNingizimu Melika yakhululwa.
USimón Bolívar nabaphathi bakhe manje baphendukela eningizimu yeNingizimu Melika. Walungiselela amabutho akhe ukukhulula iPeru. Wakha umhlangano eGuayaquil, e-Ecuador, ukuze axoxe ngeqhinga noJosé de San Martín owayeyaziwa ngokuthi i-Liberator yaseChile noMvikeli wasePeru, kanye neN Knight of the Andes neSanto de la Espada ukuze anqobe e-Argentina futhi I-Chile.
USimón Bolívar noJosé de San Martín bahlangana ngasese. Akekho owaziyo amazwi abawabelana ngawo, kodwa umphumela wesxoxo wabo ushiye uSimón Bolívar njengenhloko jikelele. Waguqula amandla akhe ePeru, futhi uSure, wanqoba ibutho laseSpain e-Battle of Junín ngo-Agasti 6, 1824. Ngemva kwalokho ngokunqoba kwePierre of Ayacucho ngoDisemba 9, uBolivar wayefezile umgomo wakhe: iNingizimu Melika yayingenakho .
USimón Bolívar wayengumuntu onamandla kakhulu eNingizimu Melika.
Waphenduka imizamo yakhe yokuseka ohulumeni esikhunjeni ayezobukeka iminyaka eminingi. Ngo-Agasti ka-1825, wayesekulungele. Ngo-Agasti 6, 1825, uSure wabiza iCongress of Upper Peru eyakha iDepublic of Bolivia ngenhlonipho yaseBolívar. USimón Bolívar wabhala uMthethosisekelo waseBolivia ngo-1826, kodwa wawungakaze wenziwe.
Ngo-1826, uBolívar wabiza iCongress of Panama, ingqungquthela yokuqala ye-hemispheric. USimón Bolívar wayebheka iNingizimu Melika ebumbene.
Lokho kwakungafanele kube khona.
Izinqubomgomo zakhe zobudlova zashaya abanye abaholi. Ukunyakaza kokuhlukanisa kwavela. Impi yombango yabangela ukuchithwa kweGran Colombia emazweni ahlukene. I-Panama yayiyingxenye yeColombia kuze ivele ngo-1903.
USimón Bolívar, ngemuva kokuzama ukubulala obekukholelwa ukuthi uhilelekile ku-Vice-President Santander, washiya isikhundla sakhe ngo-1828.
Ehlulwe futhi enomunyu, ehlushwa isifo sofuba, waphuma emphakathini. Ekufeni kwakhe ngoDisemba 17, 1830, uSimón Bolívar wayezondwa futhi wahlambalazwa. Isimemezelo sakhe sokugcina sibonisa ukufutheka kwakhe lapho ekhuluma ngokunikela impilo yakhe nenhlanhla ngenhloso yokukhulula, ukwelashwa yizitha zakhe kanye nokwebiwa kwedumela lakhe. Noma kunjalo, ubathethelela, futhi ukhuthaza izakhamuzi zakanye ukuba zilandele imiyalo yakhe futhi ithemba ukuthi ukufa kwakhe kuzokwenyusa izinkinga futhi kuhlanganise izwe.
Kwenzekani emazweni uSimón Bolívar akhululwe?
UJosé Antonio Páez wahola inhlangano eyayihlukanisa okwathi ngo-1830 yenza iVenezuela izwe elizimele. Phakathi nomlando wayo omkhulu kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, lesi sizwe siye sabuswa yi- caudillos ( izidakamizwa zamajoni ) ezivela ekilasini elihlala phansi.
U-General Sucre wakhonza njengomengameli wokuqala waseBolivia kusukela ngo-1825 kuya ku-1828, unyaka wanciphisa ukuhlasela okuvela ePeru. Waphumelelwa ngu-Andrés Santa Cruz owayesebenza njengenhloko yabasebenzi baseBolívar. Ngo-1835, iSanta Cruz yazama ukubambisana phakathi kweBolivia nePeru ngokuhlasela iPeru futhi iba umvikeli wayo. Nokho, walahlekelwa impi yaseYungay ngo-1839, futhi wabaleka ekuthunjweni eYurophu. Ukuzikhandla nokuguqulwa okwenzeka cishe minyaka yonke kuye kwavela umlando wezepolitiki waseBolivia.
I-Ecuador, lapho ikhethwe kuqala izwe, yayingamakhulu amane ubukhulu manje. Ilahlekelwe insimu ekuqhubekeni kwemibango yomngcele neColombia nePeru, ezinye zazo ezisezingxabano. Ukungqubuzana kwezombusazwe phakathi kwabakwa-conservatives ababefuna ukulondoloza isimo se-oligarchy nesonto, kanye nezinkululeko ezifuna ukuguqulwa komphakathi, zaqhubeka phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elizayo.
Izingxabano zomngcele wasePeru ezibhekene nemingcele namazwe angomakhelwane. Umphakathi wasePeruvia wawulawulwa yi-oligarchy ecebile eyayigcina amasiko amaningi e-colonial aseSpain, ehlukanisa nabampofu, ikakhulukazi emndenini wendabuko. Ukuvukela nokucindezela kwaba yinto evamile yokuphila kwezombangazwe.
E-Colombia, ezombangazwe nezombusazwe phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene ezenhlalo zenza izwe libe yimpi yombango kanye nobudlova.
Lokhu kwaqhubeka ngekhulu lama-20. Emzamweni wokunqoba ukungqubuzana kwesifunda kanye nokuhlukana, izwe lanikezwa uMthethosisekelo omusha futhi ngo-1863, kwaphenduka i-Federation of states eziyisishiyagalolunye okuthiwa yi-United States of Colombia.
Ngemva kwesikhathi sokufa kwakhe, idumela likaSimón Bolívar libuyiselwe futhi namuhla lihlonishwa njengeqhawe elikhulu laseNingizimu Melika, i- Liberator. EVenezuela naseBolivia usuku lwakhe lokuzalwa lugujwa njengeholide lesizwe. Izikole, izakhiwo, izingane, amadolobha aseNingizimu Melika nakwamanye amazwe abizwa ngegama lakhe.
Ifa lakhe liyaqhubeka.
Bheka ukuthi uBolívar ukwenze kabi, isono sakhe siphuthumayo. I-Porque Bolívar itholakala ukuthi i-América ithole.
Lokho okushiwo uBolívar, kusadingeka nanamuhla. I-Bolívar inezinto okwamanje okufanele zenze eMelika.
(ukuhumusha ngumhlahlandlela wakho)
Lesi sitatimende sikaJosé Martí, umbusi waseCuban, umbongi, kanye nomlobi wezindaba (1853-1895) owazinikela ekuqedeni ukoloniyali eCuba nakwamanye amazwe aseLatin America, namanje aphikisana nanamuhla.
Ebhekwa njengomunye wabalobi abakhulu bezwe laseSpanishi, imicabango kaJosé Martí yathonya abaholi abaningi bezombangazwe abamlandela.
UMartí ukholelwa ukuthi inkululeko kanye nobulungiswa kumele kube yizimpawu zanoma yikuphi uhulumeni, okuzwakala ukungahambisani nemibono kaSimón Bolívar ukuthi uhulumeni kufanele asebenze kanjani. I-republicanism yaseBolívar yayisekelwe ezimisweni zakhe, nokuchaza kwakhe i-republic yeRoma yasendulo kanye nomcabango wengqondo we-Anglo-French wezepolitiki.
Empeleni, lezi ziyizinhloko eziyinhloko:
- I-oda njengento ebaluleke kakhulu.
- Isishayamthetho sesitatimende ngamandla ahlukene futhi abanzi ahlanganiswe
- I-Seneate yefa elifa nefa.
- Iqembu labacwaningi abaqamba "igunya lokuziphatha" likahulumeni.
- Umhlangano okhethiwe owenziwe umthetho.
- Isikhulu esiphezulu sokuphila esekelwe iKhabhinethi eqinile, esebenzayo noma izikhonzi.
- Uhlelo lwezobugebengu luhlulwe amandla omthetho.
- Isistimu yokhetho emele.
- Ukuzimela kwezempi.
Ukukhula kweRiphabhulikhi yaseBolivaran ngezombusazwe zaseLatin America namhlanje kusekelwe kulezi zimiso zikaSimón Bolívar nesitatimende sikaMartí. Ngokukhethwa kukaHugo Chavez njengomongameli waseVenezuela, nokuguquka kwezwe ukuya eRiphablikhi yaseBolivarian yaseVenezuela, izimiso eziningi zeBolivar zihunyushwa ezombusazwe zanamuhla.
p] Ukusebenzisa isithembiso sikaBolívar se- Unidos seremos invencibles (ebumbene, sizobe singavunyelwe ), "uMongameli uCávez kanye nabalandeli bakhe abafihlelanga inhloso yabo yokuguqula esikhundleni sokuba abaholi bendabuko baseVenezuela futhi babhale imithetho emisha yomdlalo ozokhulisa iqhaza, ukunciphisa inkohlakalo, ukugqugquzela ubulungiswa bezenhlalakahle, ukufaka inzuzo enkulu nokubonakala ngokucacile emisebenzini kahulumeni kanye nokunikezela okukhulu kunamalungelo abantu. "
I-Republic yaseBolivarian yaseVenezuela
Ngesikhathi esesemandleni, uMengameli Chavez waphendukela emthethwenisisekelo omusha, lapho i-Article 1 ithi:
I-Republic of Venezuela i-Bolivarian ikhululekile futhi ikhululekile futhi ixhasa ukuziphatha kwayo nokuziphatha okukhululekile, ukulingana, ubulungisa nokuthula emhlabeni wonke, ngokusho kwemfundiso kaSimon Bolivar, iLibertador. Ukuzimela, inkululeko, ubukhosi, ukuvikeleka, ubuqotho bezwe kanye nobuzwe ukuzimisela kungamalungelo okugunyazwa. " (Asamblea Nacional Constituyente, Constitución Bolivarina de Venezuela, 1999)
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iRiphabhulikhi yaseBolivarian yaseVenezuela izophumelela isagciniwe. Kodwa into eyodwa iqinisekile: ukuthuthukiswa ngaphansi komthethosisekelo omusha kanye nemiphumela ihlolwe ngokucophelela.
Futhi ukuphikisa okuthile.