Etholakala ogwini lwaseQueensland, e-Australia, i-Great Barrier Reef yiyona ndlela enkulu kunazo zonke yokuguqula amanzi emzimbeni eMhlabeni. Ihlanganisa indawo engaba amakhilomitha ayizigidi ezingu-133,000 / amakhilomitha angamakhilomitha angama-344,400 futhi iqukethe izindawo ezingaphezu kuka-2 900 ezihlukene. Isayithi Eliyigugu Lomhlaba kusukela ngo-1981, lingabonakala kusuka esikhaleni futhi kuyisithonjana se-Australia esihambisana no-Ayers Rock, noma u- Uluru . Liyizilwane ezingaphezu kuka-9 000 zasolwandle (eziningi zazo zisengozini), futhi zikhiqiza cishe u-$ 6 billion ngokusebenzisa izokuvakasha nezokudoba njalo ngonyaka.
Naphezu kwesimo salo njengengcebo yomhlaba, i-Great Barrier Reef iye yahlukunyezwa eminyakeni yamuva yizinto eziningi zabantu nezendalo - kuhlanganise nokudoba ngokweqile, ukungcola nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ngonyaka ka-2012, iphepha elishicilelwe yi- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences lilinganisela ukuthi uhlelo lwama-reef lwaluvele lulahlekelwe isigamu sesembozo sokuqala samakhorali. Ngemuva kwezinhlekelele ezimbili ze-coral bleaching bleaching, ososayensi manje bazama ukuthi ngabe isakhiwo esikhulu kunazo zonke esakhiwe yizinto eziphilayo sinekusasa noma cha.
Izintuthuko Zamuva
Ngo-Ephreli 2017, imithombo eminingi yezindaba ibike ukuthi i-Great Barrier Reef yayisebhedini lokufa. Lesi simangalo sifike ezithende zokuhlola okwenziwe ngezindiza eyenziwe yi-Australian Research Council's Center of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, okushiwo ukuthi kuhlaziywe izixhobo ezingu-800, 20% yabonisa umonakalo wokugaya amanzi e-coral. Ucwaningo lwagxila kwisithathu esiphakathi kwesistimu ye-Great Barrier Reef.
Imiphumela yayo iyingozi kakhulu uma sicabangela ukuthi uhlelo lwesithathu olusenyakatho lwemifula lulahlekelwe ukulahleka kwama-coral angu-95 ngesikhathi se-bleeding event in 2016.
Ngokubambisana, imicimbi ye-bleaching back-back yeminyaka emibili edlule yonakalise umonakalo owonakele kakhulu ezingxenyeni ezimbili ezingaphezu kwezintathu zesimiso somhlanga.
Ukuqonda ukukhishwa kwe-Coral
Ukuze uqonde ubukhulu balezi zenzakalo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi yini ukufaka nge-coral okubandakanya. Imifula yamakhorali yenziwe ngamabhiliyoni ama-polyp polyps - izidalwa eziphilayo ezixhomeke ebuhlotsheni be-symbiotic nezilwane ezinjenge-algae ezifana ne-zooxanthellae. I-zooxanthellae inikezwa ukuvikelwa yigobolondo yangaphandle yama-coral 'kanzima, futhi futhi ihlinzeka ngendawo enezakhi nomoya okwenziwe nge-photosynthesis. I-zooxanthellae nayo inikeza i-coral umbala wayo ogqamile. Lapho ama-corals egxilile, axosha i-zooxanthellae, ebanika ukubukeka okwesibhakabhaka esimhlophe.
Isizathu esivame kakhulu sokucindezeleka kwe-coral yandisa izinga lokushisa kwamanzi. I-coral ye-bleached ayikho i-coral efile - uma izimo ezenza ukucindezeleka kuguqulwe, i-zooxanthellae ingabuya futhi ama-polyps angaphinde alulame. Kodwa-ke, uma izimo ziqhubeka, ama-polyps ashiywe esengozini yezifo futhi akakwazi ukukhula noma ukukhiqiza ngokuphumelelayo. Ukusinda isikhathi eside akunakwenzeka, kanti uma ama-polyps avunyelwe ukufa, amathuba okubuyiselwa kwemifula afana nokuphuza.
Imiphumela yeminyaka emibili yokugcina i-bleaching yenziwa yi-Cyclone Debbie, eyabangela umonakalo omkhulu kwi-Great Barrier Reef nasogwini lwaseQueensland ekuqaleni kuka-2017.
Yeka Indlela Ukulimala Kwenzeka Ngayo
Isizathu esiyinhloko se-coral bleaching kwi-Great Barrier Reef ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke. Ama-gesi abamba ukushisa avela ngokushisa kwamafutha (kokubili e-Australia nakwamanye amazwe) ayelokhu eqoqa kusukela ekuqaleni kwe-Industrial Revolution. Lezi gesi zibangela ukushisa okwenziwe ilanga ukuze kubanjwe emkhathini womhlaba, kuphakamisa izinga lokushisa kokubili emhlabeni nasolwandle emhlabeni wonke. Njengoba amazinga okushisa ephakama, kanjalo nama-polp polyps afana nalabo abakha i-Great Barrier Reef baqhubeka becindezelekile, ekugcineni kubangele ukuba baxoshe i-zooxanthellae yabo.
Ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu nakho kubangela ushintsho esimweni sezulu. Ngemva kokushona kweCylone Debbie, ososayensi babikezela ukuthi uLwandle LwaseCoral luzobona ama-cyclone ambalwa eminyakeni ezayo - kodwa lokho okwenzeka kuyoba okukhulu kakhulu.
Umonakalo owenziwe emifuleni yendawo esengcupheni kakade ingalindeleke ukuthi ibe nzima nakakhulu.
E-Australia, umsebenzi wezolimo nezokukhiqiza ogwini lwaseQueensland uphinde ubambe iqhaza ekunciphiseni komhlabathi. Ukuqothulwa kuhlanza olwandle kusuka emafesini ezweni elithinta izwe elikhungethe ama-polyps ama-coral futhi kuvimbela ukukhanya kwelanga okudingekayo ku-photosynthesis kusukela ekufinyeleleni i-zooxanthellae. Amakhemikhali anesidumbu enza ukungalingani kwamakhemikhali emanzini, ngezinye izikhathi kudala ukulimaza kwe-algal blooms. Ngokufanayo, ukwandiswa kwezimboni ngasogwini kuye kwaphazanyiswa okukhulu kolwandle ngenxa yomkhiqizo omkhulu wokudwengula.
Ukudoba ngokweqile kungenye ingozi enkulu empilweni yangomuso ye-Great Barrier Reef. Ngonyaka we-2016, i-Ellen McArthur Foundation ibike ukuthi ngaphandle kokuthi amathrendi amanje okudoba ashintsha kakhulu, kuzoba khona amapulasitiki amaningi kunenhlanzi emazweni omhlaba ngo-2050. Ngenxa yalokho, ibhalansi elinciphayo elisebenza ngamadwala e-coral lithembele ekutheni ukusinda kwabo kubhujiswe. E-Great Barrier Reef, imiphumela elimazayo yokudoba ngokweqile iboniswe ukuqhuma okuphindaphindiwe kwezimbali ze-starfish. Lezi zinhlobo ziye zaphefumula ngaphandle kokulawulwa njengomphumela wokunqotshwa kwezilwane ezidalwa yizilwane zasendle, kuhlanganise ne-tranton ne-fishlip emperor inhlanzi.
Idla ama-polyps e-coral, futhi ingabhubhisa amapheshana amakhulu uma kunenombolo yayo ishiywa ingacishiwe.
Ikusasa: Ingabe Ingasindiswa?
Eqinisweni, umbono we-Great Barrier Reef awubi - kangangokuthi ngo-2016, umagazini ongaphandle waphrinsa "umcimbi" we-system ye-reef, ohamba ngokushesha. Kodwa-ke, kuyilapho i-Great Barrier Reef impela igula, akukona okwamanje. Ngonyaka ka-2015, uhulumeni wase-Australia wakhipha uhlelo lweReef 2050 Long Sustainability Plan, olwenzelwe ukuthuthukisa impilo yomzimba we-reef ngomzamo wokulondoloza isimo sawo njenge-World Heritage Heritage Site. Lolu hlelo luye lwabona inqubekela phambili ethile - kubandakanya ukuvinjelwa kokudonswa kwezinto ezidonswayo kuhlaselwa endaweni yeGugu Lomhlaba, nokunciphisa izinambuzane ezibulala izinambuzane ekusebenziseni kwezolimo ngo-28%.
Ngalokho kuthiwa, i-Australia incike kakhulu emayini yamalahle nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, kanti uhulumeni wayo uhloniphekile uma kuziwa ezindabeni zezemvelo. Izenzakalo zokugaya amanzi ngo-2016 no-2017 ziye zahlukumeza kakhulu ikhono leSupport Plan ukuze kufinyelele imigomo yalo. Ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe, isinqumo sikaHulumeni seTrump sokuhoxiswa kwesivumelwano seParis sibonakala ngabaningi njengobufakazi bokuthi ukukhishwa komhlaba wonke ngeke kunciphise ngokwanele ukubona ukwehla okunenjongo emazingeni okushisa emhlabeni wonke.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, zonke izizwe (ngaphandle kwaSiriya naseNicaragua) zisayine isivumelwano, ngakho-ke kukhona ithemba lokuthi imiphumela yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu ingashintshwa, noma okungenani kunciphise.
Okubalulekile
Ngakho-ke, ngakho konke okucatshangwayo, ingabe kufanelekile ukuhamba ku-Great Barrier Reef? Kulungile. Uma uhlelo lwemifula luyisizathu sakho sokuvakashela e-Australia, yebo cha, mhlawumbe cha. Kunezindawo eziningi ezithokozisa kakhulu zokuhamba nge-scuba kanye nezindawo ze-snorkelling kwenye indawo - bheka ezindaweni ezikude ezifana ne-Indonesia ye-East, iPhilippines ne-Micronesia esikhundleni.
Kodwa-ke, uma uhamba e-Australia ngezinye izizathu, kukhona nakanjani izindawo ezithile ze-Great Barrier Reef ezisafanele ukuhlola. I-westernest of the reef system isencane kakhulu, kanti izindawo eziseningizimu yeDownsville zibalekela izenzakalo ezimbi kakhulu zokugcoba. Eqinisweni, izifundo ezivela e-Australian Institute of Marine Science zibonisa ukuthi amakhorali aseningizimu asuke ekwazi ukuqina. Naphezu kwezinto ezicindezelayo zokucindezeleka zale minyaka eyishumi edlule, ukumbozwa kwamakhorali kuye kwathuthuka ngempela kule ndawo.
Esinye isizathu esihle sokuvakashela ukuthi imali engenayo eyenziwa yi-Great Barrier Reef imboni yezokuvakasha iyisizathu esikhulu sokuzikhandla okuqhubekayo. Uma sishiya isimiso semifula ngesikhathi saso esimnyama, singalindela kanjani uvuko?