Isingeniso
I-Great Wall ingenye yezimpawu zomhlaba ezihlala njalo kodwa umlando we-Great Wall waseChina unama-convoluted kakhulu kunokuba abantu abaningi baqaphele.
Kwathatha isikhathi eside kangakanani ukwakha udonga olukhulu?
Umbuzo wonke umuntu onokuzibuza ngawo futhi ngicabanga ukuthi usekelwe ekucabangeni okujwayelekile ukuthi iWall Great yakhiwa konke ukuhamba. Kodwa akunjalo. I-Great Wall yayizobizwa ngokufanele kakhulu ngokuthi i-Great Walls - njengalokho okusele namuhla kuyinkimbinkimbi yamadonga asele emaqenjini amaningana e-dynastic eChina lasendulo.
Njengoba uzofunda ngezansi, i-Great Wall - kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo kuya kulokho esikubonayo namuhla - yayingaphansi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zokwakha iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili.
Iyini Inqaba Enkulu?
Kucatshangwa ukuthi i-Great Wall ingodonga olude olusuka e-East China Sea enyakatho ngasezintabeni ezisenyakatho yeBeijing. Eqinisweni, i-Great Wall ihamba ngendlela ehamba phambili eChina ehamba ngamamitha angu-8 850 futhi ihlanganisa izindonga eziningana ezihlanganisa iChina ezahlukahlukeneyo nezindlali zempi ezakhiwe eminyakeni edlule. I-Wall Enkulu oyibonayo ezithombeni eziningi yindonga ye-Ming Dynasty-era, eyakhiwa emva kuka-1368. Nokho, "i-Great Wall" ibhekisela ezingxenyeni eziningi zodonga ezakhiwe eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-2 000.
Ukuqala Okuqala
Ngo-6565 BC, udonga lwe-Chu State, olubizwa ngokuthi "I-Wall Rectangle" lakhiwa ukuze kuvikelwe uKhus kumakhelwane abanzi kuya enyakatho. Le ngxenye odongeni ihlala esifundazweni saseHenan sanamuhla.
Lolu donga lokuqala lwaxhuma amadolobha amancane emngceleni wesizwe saseChu.
Ezinye izinhlangano zaqhubeka nomkhuba wokwakha izindonga emikhawulweni yazo ukuze zizivikele kwabangenayo abangafuneki kuze kube ngu-221 BC lapho ngesikhathi seKin Dynasty, i-Great Wall, njengoba siyazi manje, yaqala ukuma.
I-Qin Dynasty: i-"First" Great Wall
I-Qin Shi Huang i-China ehlangene ibe umbuso wama-feudal ophakathi. Ukuze avikele umbuso wakhe osanda kusungulwa, uQin wanquma ukuthi kudingeke ukuba kutholakale i-barricade enkulu yokuzivikela. Wathumela amasosha ayisigidi kanye nabasebenzi ukuba basebenze kulo msebenzi ozohlala iminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye. Udonga olusha lwalusetshenziswa izindonga ezikhona ezakhiwe kusukela ngaphansi kohlelo lwe-Chu. I-New Wall, ebizwa ngokuthi i-Great Wall, eyasenyakatho yeChina eqala enyakatho ye-Inner Mongolia. Ngaphansi kwalolu donga lisele futhi lwalutholakala kakhulu enyakatho kunodonga lwamanje (i-Ming era).
Inzalo kaHan: i-Great Wall iyandiswa
Ngesikhathi seHan Dynasty esilandelayo (206 BC kuya ku-AD 24), iChina yabona impi namaHuns futhi udonga lwandiswa ngokusebenzisa inethiwekhi ekhona yamadonga amadala elinye amakhilomitha angu-10 000 (6,213 miles) entshonalanga yeChina, esifundazweni saseGansu yanamuhla. Lesi sikhathi kwakuyisikhathi sokwakha kakhulu kakhulu futhi udonga olude kunabo bonke olwakhiwe.
Funda kabanzi mayelana nokuvakashela i-Han Dynasty Wall
AmaDynasties aseNyakatho nase-Southern: Ama-Wall engeziwe afakiwe
Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, kusukela ngo-AD 386-581, ama-dynasties amane akha futhi ahlanganiswa ku-Great Wall. I-Northern Wei (386-534) yengeze ngamakhilomitha angu-1 000 edongeni esifundazweni saseShanxi. I-Eastern Wei (534-550) yanezela kuphela amakhilomitha angama-75 (47 miles).
Inyakatho ye-Northern Qi (550-577) yabona ubude obude kunazo zonke odongeni kusukela ezikhathini zeQin noHan, cishe amakhilomitha angu-1 500 (932 miles). Futhi iNorthern Zhou (557-581) umbusi we-dynastic Emperor Jingdi walungisa i-Great Wall ngo-579.
Inkosikazi ye-Ming: Ukubaluleka Kwebhodlela Kufinyelela Ukuphakama Okusha
Ngesikhathi seMing Dynasty (1368-1644), i-Great Wall yaba yindlela ebalulekile yokuzivikela futhi. U-Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang waqala ukulungiswa ekuqaleni kokubusa kwakhe. Wabeka indodana yakhe uZhu Di kanye nomunye wabaphathi bakhe ukuba balungise udonga olukhona futhi bakhe izindlu nezinqaba. I-Great Wall ye-Ming yayiyiyona ndlela yokugcina amaMongolia ahlukumezayo esuka enyakatho ekuhlaseleni naseBeijing. Eminyakeni engu-200 eyalandela, udonga lwaqiniswa ekugcineni luhlanganisa amakhilomitha angu-7 300 (amakhilomitha angu-4,536).
I-Wall Today
Ukwakhiwa kwodonga lwe-Ming yilokho abavakashi abaningi abathokozisa kakhulu namuhla.
Iqala eShanhai Pass esifundazweni saseHebei futhi iphela ngasentshonalanga e-Jiayuguan Pass esifundazweni saseGansu ngasemngceleni weDeor Desert. Akukho okunye ongakubona emakhilomitha angu-500 edlule (okungamamitha angu-310) njengento engekho kodwa ephukile ngamatshe kanye nendawo yokukhwabanisa kodwa udonga (ngesimo se-pre-Ming) singalandelwa njengoba uhamba ngemoto esifundazweni saseGansu kusuka ku-Jiayuguan kuya e-Yumenguan, ukungena eya "eChina" eceleni komgwaqo uSilk ngaphansi kobukhosi buka Han.
Ukuvakashela iNdonga Elikhulu
Ngifinyelele ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene ze-Great Wall kusukela eSangweni LaseYumen, i-Jiayuguan kuze kube sekugcineni ukuya eMing Wall enyakatho yeBeijing. Ngokungangabazeki kuyathakazelisa ukuhamba ngezinyawo futhi ucabange isikhathi esiphelile kusukela kulawo matshe ebekwe. Funda kabanzi mayelana nokuvakashela i-Great Wall:
- I-Yumenguan (Isango leJade ), iHan Dynasty entshonalanga enkulu eWest Wall Point eChina
- I-Shuidonggou , udonga olungaphenduliwe lwe-Ming-era oludlula i-Inner Mongolia
- Mutianyu nezinye izingxenye zodonga lweMing-era ngaseBeijing