Kungani lezi zincwadi ezimbili zibiza abahambi
Abaningi bamazwe ngamazwe baye bazwa ngemibuthano yaseWarsaw naseMontreal kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi bayinikeze ingqondo encane ngaphandle kokugcwalisa imininingwane yokuxhumana ngemuva kwethikithi lendiza. Njengengxenye ebalulekile yomlando wezindiza, zombili imihlangano inikeza abahambi ukuvikelwa okubalulekile emhlabeni jikelele. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi abahamba ngezinyawo bahambaphi, ukuhamba kwabo cishe kuthintwa njalo yizivumelwano ezimbili ezibalulekile.
I-Warsaw Convention yaqala ukusayina ukusebenza ngo-1929 futhi ishintshiwe kabili. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-20 kamuva, i-Montreal Convention yashintsha i-Warsaw Convention ukunikeza abahambi ukubaluleka okubalulekile okulawula izibopho zezindiza. Namuhla, amaqembu angaphezu kuka-109, kuhlanganise nawo wonke i-European Union, avumile ukuhambisana noMhlangano waseMontreal, okwenza abahambi bavikeleke ngokubambisana ngenkathi behamba.
Imihlangano emibili inikeza kanjani usizo kubahambi esimweni esibucayi kakhulu? Nazi amaqiniso omlando omlando mayelana ne-Warsaw Convention noMhlangano waseMontreal wonke umuntu ohambahambayo owaziyo ukuwazi.
I-Warsaw Convention
Okokuqala kwaqala ukusebenza ngo-1929, iSivumelwano SaseWarsaw sanikeza imithethonqubo yokuqala yemboni ehlumayo yezindiza zezohwebo emhlabeni wonke. Ngenxa yokuthi imithetho yesivumelwano yachitshiyelwa eThe Hague ngo-1955 naseMontreal ngo-1975, ezinye izinkantolo zazibheka umhlangano wokuqala njengenhlangano ehlukile kulezi zichibiyelo ezimbili ezilandelayo.
Umhlangano wangempela wabeka amalungelo amaningana aqinisekisiwe abawahambelayo namuhla. Isivumelwano se-Warsaw sabeka izinga lokukhipha amathikithi womzimba kubo bonke abahamba ngezinyawo, futhi ilungelo lokuthwala imithwalo ukuhlola amathikithi ngemithwalo ethembeke ezindizeni zezindiza ukulethwa endaweni yokugcina yokuhamba.
Okubaluleke nakakhulu, i-Warsaw Convention (kanye nezichibiyelo ezalandela) ibeka umonakalo kwabahambi uma kwenzeka isimo esibi kunazo zonke.
Isivumelwano se-Warsaw sabeka uphawu lokuzibophezela ukuthi izindiza zezindiza zinomthwalo wokuzinakekela. Emazweni asayinelayo eMivumelwaneni, izindiza ezihamba kulawo mazwe zibophezele ama-17 Amalungelo Okudweba Okukhethekile (i-SDR) ngekhilogramu ngayinye yemithwalo ehloliwe elahlekile noma yabhujiswa. Lokhu kuzobe sekuhlelwe kamuva eMontreal ukufaka ama-dollar angu-20 ngekhilogi ngayinye elahlekelwe noma echithekile kulawo mazwe angazange angene ngemvume ngezilungiso zika-1975. Ukuze uthole imali eqinisekisiwe yi-Warsaw Convention, isimangalo kufanele sithunyelwe ngaphambi kweminyaka emibili yokulahlekelwa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSivumelwano SaseWarsaw senza isimiso sokulimala okubangelwa yizihambi ngenxa yesigameko sezindiza. Laba bagibeli abalimala noma ababulewe ngenkathi behamba ngendiza ephethe umoya ovamile bangaba nelungelo elingaphezu kuka-16,600 i-SDR, abaguqula imali yabo yendawo.
Umhlangano waseMontreal
Ngo-1999, iSivumelwano saseMontreal sashintsha futhi saqhubeka sacacisa ukuvikelwa kwabanikezwa yi-Warsaw Convention. Kusukela ngoJanuwari 2015, amalungu angu-108 e-International Civil Aviation Organization asayinele eMhlanganweni waseMontreal, omelela ingxenye engaphezu kwesigamu sobulungu beNhlangano yeziZwe.
Ngaphansi koMhlangano waseMontreal, abahambi banikezwa ukuvikeleka okungeziwe ngaphansi komthetho, ngenkathi bethuthukisa amalungelo athile ezindiza. Izindiza ezisebenza ezizweni ezisayinele eMhlanganweni waseMontreal zibophezelekile ukuba zithwale umshwalense wemfanelo futhi zibophe umonakalo ovela kubagibeli ngenkathi behamba endizeni yabo. Izithuthi ezivamile ezisebenza kumazwe angama-109 zibophezele okungenani u-1131 i-SDR yemonakalo uma kwenzeka ukulimala noma ukufa. Ngesikhathi abahambi befuna ukuthola isinxephezelo esengeziwe enkantolo, izindiza zezindiza zingayinaki leyo monakalo uma zingabonisa ukuthi umonakalo awuzange ubangelwe ngqo yizindiza.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSivumelwano saseMontreal sabeka umonakalo wezimpahla ezilahlekile noma ezonakaliswe ngokusekelwe ezicucini. Abagibeli banelungelo lokufinyelela okungaphezulu kuka-1,131 i-SDR uma imithwalo ilahlekile noma ichithelwa ngenye indlela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindiza zezindiza kudingeka zikhokhe izihambi ngezinkokhelo ngenxa yemithwalo engafanele.
Indlela Umshwalense Wokuhamba Uthinta Ngayo Imihlangano
Ngenkathi iSivumelwano saseMontreal sihlinzeka ngokuvikelwa okuqinisekisiwe, izinhlinzeko eziningi azifaki esikhundleni somshuwalense wokuhamba. Kunezivikelo eziningi ezengeziwe abahambayo abangafuna ukuthi inqubomgomo yomshwalense wokuhamba inganikeza.
Isibonelo, izinqubomgomo eziningi zomshuwalense wokuhamba zihlinzeka ngokufa ngengozi nokuhlushwa kokuhamba ngesikhathi uhamba ngesithwali esivamile. Ukufa nokuhlaselwa ngengozi kuqinisekisa ukukhokhelwa kuze kube semkhawulweni wenqubomgomo uma kwenzeka umhambi elahlekelwa ukuphila noma isilwane ngesikhathi ehamba ngezindiza.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenkathi umonakalo noma ukulahlekelwa kwemithwalo ehloliwe kuvikelwe, imithwalo ngezinye izikhathi iyigugu kunamalungiselelo amaningi. Izinqubomgomo eziningi zomshuwalense wokuhamba nazo zithwala inzuzo yokulahlekelwa imithwalo, uma kwenzeka ukuthi imithwalo imisiwe okwesikhashana noma ilahlekelwe ngokuphelele. Abahambi abaphethe imithwalo yabo balahlekile bangathola isinxephezelo nsuku zonke uma nje umthwalo wabo ususile.
Ngokuqonda ukubaluleka kwemibuthano yaseWarsaw neyaseMontreal, abahambi bangaqonda amalungelo abanelungelo labo ngenkathi behamba. Lokhu kuvumela abahambi ukuthi benze izinqumo ezingcono futhi bahlale benamandla kakhulu uma ukuhamba kwabo kuhamba kabi.