Umlando wama-Amish eMelika
Abantu base-Amish eMelika yihlelo elidala lenkolo, inzalo eqondile yama-Anabaptists eYurophu ekhulwini le-16 leminyaka. Akufanele kudidaniswe negama eliphikisana noMabhabhatisi, lamaKristu ase-Anabaptist aphikisana nezinguquko zikaMartin Luther nabanye ngesikhathi sokuguqulwa kwamaProthestani, benqaba ukubhapathizwa kwezinsana ngokubhapathizwa (noma ukubhapathizwa kabusha) njengabantu abadala abakholwayo. Bafundisa nokuhlukaniswa kwesonto nombuso, okungaqondakali kwekhulu le-16.
Kamuva eyaziwa ngokuthi iMennonites, ngemva komholi we-Dutch Anabaptist uMenno Simons (1496-1561), iqembu elikhulu lama-Anabaptist labalekela eSwitzerland nakwezinye izindawo ezikude zaseYurophu ukuze zibalekele ukushushiswa kwenkolo.
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka ye-1600, iqembu labantu abazinikeleyo eliholwa nguJakob Ammann laphuka kude nabaseSwitzerland iMennonites, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokungabi nokuqiniswa okuqinile kweMeidung, noma ukugwema ukuxoshwa kwamalungu angalaleli noma anganaki. Behluke kwezinye izinto ezifana nokugeza izinyawo nokuntuleka komthetho wokugqoka. Leli qembu laziwa ngokuthi ama-Amish futhi, kuze kube namuhla, lisaba neningi lezinkolelo ezifanayo njengabazala babo baseMennonite. Ukuhlukana phakathi kwama-Amish namaMenonite ngokuyinhloko kuyindlela yokugqoka kanye nendlela yokukhulekela.
Ukuhlala kwe-Amish eMelika
Iqembu lokuqala eliphakeme lama-Amish lafika eMelika ngasekupheleni kuka-1730 futhi lahlala eduze naseLancaster County, ePennsylvania, ngenxa yalokho 'ukuzama okungcwele kukaWilliam Penn' ekubekezeleni kwezenkolo.
I-Amish Pennsylvania ayisona iqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke lama-Amish ase-US njengoba ngokuvamile ecatshangwa, noma kunjalo. Ama-Amish asezinzile ezingamashumi amabili nane, eCanada naseCentral America, nakuba cishe amaphesenti angu-80 asePennsylvania, e-Ohio nase-Indiana. I-Amish enkulu kakhulu e-Holmes nasezifundeni ezihlangene enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Ohio, cishe ngamamitha angu-100 ukusuka ePittsburgh.
Isilinganiso esilandelayo yiqembu labantu base-Amish e-Elkhart nasezindlini ezizungezile enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Indiana. Khona-ke kufika indawo yokuhlala yase-Amish eLancaster County, Pennsylvania. Inani labantu base-Amish ezinombolweni zase-US ezingaphezu kuka-150,000 futhi zikhula, ngenxa yobukhulu bemindeni emikhulu (izingane eziyisikhombisa ngokwesilinganiso) kanye nesilinganiso sokugcinwa kwesonto esilinganiselwa kuma-80%.
Ama-oda we-Amish
Ngezinye izilinganiso, kunezinqumo eziningi ezihlukene eziyisishiyagalombili phakathi kwabantu base-Amishi, iningi elinamalungu ama-oda ezinkolo ezinhlanu - i-Old Order Amish, i-New Order Amish, i-Andy Weaver Amish, i-Beachy Amish, ne-Swartzentruber Amish. Lawa masonto asebenza ngokuzimela komunye nomunye ngokwahlukana ngendlela abasebenzisa ngayo inkolo yabo nokuziphatha kwabo kwansuku zonke. I-Old Order Amish yiqembu elikhulu kunazo zonke futhi i-Swartzentruber Amish, i-offshoot ye-Old Order, iyona ehloniphekile kakhulu.
Umlando wama-Amish eMelika
Zonke izici zokuphila kuka-Amishi zichazwe uhlu lwemithetho ebhaliwe noma yomlomo, eyaziwa ngokuthi i- Ordnung , echaza izinto eziyisisekelo zokholo lwama-Amish futhi kusiza ukuchaza ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuba yi-Amish. Ngomuntu ongum-Amish, i-Ordnung ingase icacise cishe zonke izici zokuphila komuntu, kusuka ekugqoka nasekugqeni izinwele kuya kwisitayela se-buggy kanye namasu okulima.
I-Ordnung ihluka ukusuka emphakathini kuya emphakathini nokuhleleka ukuhleleka, okuchaza ukuthi kungani uzobona ukugibela kwama-Amish emotweni, kuyilapho abanye bengavumi ngisho nokusebenzisa ukukhanya kwamandla webhethri.
I-Amish Dress
Isifanekiso sokholo lwabo, izitayela zokugqoka ze-Amish zikhuthaza ukuthobeka nokuhlukaniswa emhlabeni. Isambatho se-Amish ngesitayela esilula, sigweme konke kodwa ukuhlobisa okuyisisekelo. Izembatho zenziwe ekhaya lezindwangu ezibonakalayo futhi ngokuyinhloko zibomvu. Ama-Amish, ngokuvamile, agqoke ama-suit-cut cut and coats ngaphandle kwama-collars, ama-lapels noma amapokhethi. Amashaya ayikaze abe nama-creases noma ama-cuffs futhi agqoke ama-suspenders. Amabhande ayenqatshelwe, njengama-sweaters, ama-neckties nama-gloves. Amathimba omuntu afaka izinkinobho zendabuko kuma-oda amaningi, kuyilapho izingubo zokugqoka nezambatho ziqinisa ngezingwegwe namaso.
Amadoda amasha ahlambulukile ngaphambi kokushada, kanti amadoda ashadile kudingeka avumele izintshebe zikhule. Ama-Mustache avinjelwe. Abesifazane base-Amish ngokuvamile bagqoke izingubo eziqinile ezigqoke ngemikhono emide nesigqoko esigcwele, esigcwele i-cape ne-apron. Abazange bayibeke izinwele zabo, futhi bagqoke ngoboyi noma ibhande ngemuva kwekhanda elifihliwe ngekhanda elincane elimhlophe noma i-bonnet emnyama. Izembatho ziboshwe ngezikhonkwane eziqondile noma zifake, izitokisi ziyi-black cotton kanye nezicathulo nazo zimnyama. Abesifazane base-Amish abavunyelwe ukugqoka izingubo eziphathekayo noma izindwangu zokuhlobisa. I-Ordnung ye-order ethize yama-Amish ingase ifune izinto zokugqoka njengokucacile njengokubukeka kwengubo noma ububanzi bomshini.
Ubuchwepheshe ne-Amish
Ama-Amish ayaphikisana nanoma yibuphi ubuchwepheshe abazwa benciphisa isakhiwo somndeni. Okulula ukuthi sonke sithatha kalula njengokuthi ugesi, ithelevishini, izimoto, izingcingo kanye namatrakta kubhekwa njengesilingo esingabangela ubumbulu, ukudala ukungalingani, noma ukuhoxisa ama-Amish emphakathini wabo osondelene futhi, njengoba kunjalo , azikhuthazwa noma zamukelwe kumakhotho amaningi. Iningi lama-Amish lihlakulela amasimu abo ngemishini egibele amahhashi, ihlala ezindlini ezingenawo ugesi, futhi ihamba ngezinambuzane ezigibele amahhashi. Kuvamile emiphakathini yama-Amishi ukuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwamakholi, kodwa hhayi ekhaya. Esikhundleni salokho, imindeni eminingi yama-Amish izohlanganyela ngocingo phakathi kwepulazi phakathi kweefama. Ngezinye izikhathi ugesi usetshenziselwa ezimweni ezithile, ezifana nezicucu zamagesi ezinkomo, ukukhanyisa izibani zikagesi ezigulini, nokushisa amakhaya. Izindwangu zomoya zivame ukusetshenziselwa njengomthombo wamandla kagesi akhiqizwa ngokwemvelo ezimweni ezinjalo. Akuyona into engavamile ukubona i-Amish ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bekhulu le-20 njengama-skate e-inline, i-diapers elahlayo, ne-grills grills ngoba ayinqatshelwe ngokuqondile yi-Ordnung.
Ubuchwepheshe ngokuvamile lapho uzobona umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwama-Amish. I-Swartzentruber no-Andy Weaver Amish yi-ultraconservative ekusebenziseni ubuchwepheshe - i-Swartzentruber, isibonelo, ayivumeli ngisho nokusetshenziswa kwezibani zebhethri. I-Amish ye-Old Order ayisebenzisi kangako ubuchwepheshe besimanje kepha ivumelekile ukugibela izimoto ezihamba ngezimoto ezifaka izindiza nezimoto, nakuba zingavunyelwe ukuba nazo. I-Order entsha yama-Amish ivumela ukusetshenziswa kukagesi, ubunikazi bezimoto, imishini yokulima yesimanje, namakholi ekhaya.
Izikole ze-Amish Nezemfundo
Ama-Amish akholelwa kakhulu emfundweni, kodwa ahlinzeka ngemfundo ehlelekile ngebanga lesishiyagalombili kuphela ezikoleni zabo zangasese. Ama-Amish akhululekile ekufundeni kukahulumeni okuphoqelekile ngaphandle kwebanga lesishiyagalombili ngokusekelwe ezimisweni zenkolo, umphumela wesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States yango-1972. Izikole zamakamelo a-Amish ziyizikhungo ezizimele, eziqhutshwa ngabazali base-Amish. Ukufunda esikoleni kugxila ekufundeni okuyisisekelo, ukubhala, izibalo kanye ne-geography, kanye nokuqeqeshwa kokuqeqeshwa nokuzibandakanya emlandweni wama-Amish kanye namagugu. Imfundo iphinde ibe yingxenye enkulu yempilo yasekhaya, ngamakhono okulima nokuzenzela okubhekwa njengengxenye ebalulekile yokukhuliswa kwengane yama-Amish.
Ukuphila Komndeni Ka-Amish
Umndeni uyunithi ebaluleke kakhulu yomphakathi kumasiko ase-Amish. Imindeni emikhulu enezingane eziyisikhombisa kuya kweyishumi ivamile. Imisebenzi ihlukaniswe ngokucacile ngendlala yobulili ekhaya lase-Amish - indoda ivame ukusebenza epulazini, kuyilapho umfazi enza ukugeza, ukuhlanza, ukupheka, neminye imisebenzi yasekhaya. Kukhona okuhlukile, kodwa ngokuvamile ubaba uthathwa njengenhloko yendlu yakwa-Amish. IsiJalimane sikhulunywa ekhaya, nakuba isiNgisi sifundiswa esikoleni. U-Amish washada no-Amish - akukho ukushada okuvunyelwe. Ukuhlukaniswa akuvunyelwe futhi ukuhlukaniswa akuvamile.
Amish Daily Life
Ama-Amish azihlukanisa nabanye ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene zenkolo, ngokuvamile ebala amavesi alandelayo eBhayibheli asekela izinkolelo zawo.
- "Ningaboshelwa ejokeni nabangakholwayo ngokungalingani, ngokuba ukulunga nobubi bafana ngani na? (2 Korinte 6:14)
- "Phumani phakathi kwabo, nihlukane," usho uJehova. " (2 Korinte 6:17)
- "Futhi ningafanelani nalesi zwe, kodwa nishintshwe ngokuvuselelwa kwengqondo yenu ukuze nihlole ukuthi yini intando kaNkulunkulu, enhle, eyamukelekayo, ephelele." (Roma 12: 2)
Ngenxa yezinkolelo zabo zenkolo, ama-Amish azama ukuzihlukanisa "nabangaphandle," ezama ukugwema izilingo nesono. Bakhetha, kunalokho, ukuba bathembele kuzo kanye namanye amalungu omphakathi wase-Amish wendawo. Ngenxa yalokhu ukuzimela, i-Amish ayitholi ukuvikeleka kwezenhlalakahle noma ukwamukela ezinye izinhlobo zosizo lukahulumeni. Ukugwema kwabo ubudlova kuzo zonke izinhlobo kusho ukuthi nabo abahlali emasosheni.
Ibandla ngalinye ngalinye likhonza umbhishobhi, izikhonzi ezimbili, nomdikoni - bonke abesilisa. Ayikho isonto eliphakathi lama-Amish. Izinkonzo zokukhulekela zigcinwa emakhaya omphakathi lapho izindonga zenzelwe ukuhanjiswa eceleni kwemibuthano emikhulu. I-Amish inomuzwa wokuthi amasiko ahlanganisa izizukulwane ndawonye futhi anikeze ihange ekudlulile, inkolelo echaza indlela abaqhuba ngayo izinkonzo zokukhulekela zesonto, ubhapathizo, imishado, nemingcwabo.
Ukubhapathizwa kuka-Amish
Umkhuba wama-Amish ubhapathizo omdala, kunokuba ubhapathizo lwezinsana, ukholelwa ukuthi abantu abadala kuphela abangenza izinqumo ezinolwazi ngokusindiswa kwabo nokuzimisela esontweni. Ngaphambi kokubhapathizwa, intsha yase-Amish isikhuthazwa ukuthi isuse ukuphila ezweni elingaphandle, esikhathini esibizwa ngokuthi i- rumspringa , Pennsylvania Deutsch "yokugijima." Basalokhu beboshelwe izinkolelo nemithetho yabazali babo, kodwa inani elithile lokungahloniphi nokuhlolwa livunyelwe noma lilahlwa. Ngalesi sikhathi intsha eningi yama-Amish isebenzisa imithetho ekhululekile yokuthola ithuba lokumnandi nokunye okumnandi, kepha abanye bangagqoka "isiNgisi," intuthu, ukukhuluma ngamafoni eselula noma ukushayela emotweni. I-Rumspringa iphela lapho intsha icela ukubhapathizwa esontweni noma ikhetha ukushiya unomphela umphakathi wase-Amishi. Iningi likhetha ukuhlala u-Amish.
Imishado yama-Amish
Imishado yama-Amish ilula, izenzakalo ezijabulisayo ezibandakanya umphakathi wonke wama-Amish. Imishado yama-Amish ijwayele ukugcinwa ngoLwesibili kanye neLwesine ekuwa kwekwephuzile, ngemuva kokuvuna kokugcina kwekwindla. Ukubandakanya umbhangqwana kuvame ukugcinwa yimfihlo kuze kube amasonto ambalwa ngaphambi komshado lapho izinhloso zabo "zishicilelwa" esontweni. Umshado uvame ukuqhutshelwa ekhaya labazali bomakoti ngomkhosi omude, kulandelwa umkhosi omkhulu kulabo abamenyiwe. Umakoti ngokuvamile wenza izingubo ezintsha zomshado, okuzobe esebenza njengengubo yakhe "emihle" ngezikhathi ezihlelekile emva komshado. Okuhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kungumbala wendwangu yomshado. Ngokungafani nemishado eminingi yanamhlanje, imishado yama-Amish ayihileleki ama-makeup, izindandatho, izimbali, abathintekayo noma izithombe. Abantu abasanda kushada bachithe ubusuku bomshado endlini kanina kamakoti ukuze bakwazi ukuvuka ekuseni ngosuku olulandelayo ukusiza ukuhlanza ikhaya.
Imingcwabo yama-Amish
Njengokuphila, kube lula kubalulekile kuma-Amish emva kokufa. Imingcwabo ngokuvamile ibanjwe emzini womuntu oshonile. Insimu yomngcwabo ilula, ngaphandle kokuzizwa noma izimbali. Ama-caskets ayibhokisi lamapulangwe elula, elenziwe ngaphakathi komphakathi wendawo. Imiphakathi eminingi yama-Amish izovumela ukugcoba umzimba ngomuntu owenza umsebenzi wendawo ojwayele amasiko ama-Amish, kodwa akukho ukusetha okusetshenzisiwe.
Umngcwabo wamangcwaba kanye nokungcwaba ngokuvamile uqhutshwa izinsuku ezintathu emva kokufa. Oshonile uvame ukungcwaba emathuneni ase-Amish. Amathuna aphethwe ngesandla. I-Gravestones ilula, ngokulandela inkolelo yama-Amish ukuthi akekho umuntu ongcono kunomunye. Kweminye imiphakathi yama-Amishi, izimpawu zamatshe angabhalwa ngisho nokuqoshwa. Esikhundleni salokho, imephu igcinwa yizikhonzi zomphakathi ukukhomba abahlali bendawo ngayinye yokungcwaba.
Shunning
Shunning, noma meidung kusho ukuxoshwa emphakathini wakwa -Amish ngokuphula imigomo yenkolo - kubandakanya ukushada ngaphandle kwekholo. Umkhuba wokugwema isisusa esiyinhloko sokuthi ama-Amish aphule kude namaMennonites ngo-1693. Uma umuntu engaphansi kwe-meidung, kusho ukuthi kufanele bashiye abangane, umndeni, futhi baphile ngemuva. Konke ukuxhumana noxhumana nabo banqunywe, ngisho naphakathi kwamalungu omndeni. I-shunning ingathà sina, futhi ngokuvamile ithathwa njengesenzo sokugcina ngemva kokuxwayiswa okuphindaphindiwe.