Ewakhiwe nge-8th Century, i-Borobudur iyisikhumbuzo esiya eMbusweni weBuddhist okhohliweyo
I-Borobudur iyisikhumbuzo esikhulu samaMahayana Buddhist e-Central Java. Eyenziwe ngo-AD 800, isikhumbuzo sasilahlekile amakhulu eminyaka emva kokuncipha kwemibuso yamaBuddha eJava. I-Borobudur itholakale futhi ngekhulu le-19, ihlengwa emahlathini azungezile, futhi namuhla iyindawo enkulu yokuhambela indawo yamaBuddha.
I-Borobudur yakhiwe ngezinga elimangalisayo - angeke libe ngenye indlela, njengoba lingekho ngaphansi kwesimo sezulu njengoba inkolo yeBuddhist iyayiqonda.
Uma usungena eBorobudur, uzithola uholwa ekubeni yi-cosmology engathandeki engasetshenziswanga ngamatshe, okuyihambo oluhle kakhulu lwe-archaeologists ye-amateur, noma oluzodinga umhlahlandlela onolwazi olutholayo.
- Ukubukwa kwesithonjana kulesi senzakalo eside se-Buddhist stupa, funda Isiqondiso Semlando Yase-Asia Isihloko sika-Kallie Szczepanski esethempelini leBorobudur.
Isakhiwo seBorobudur
Isikhumbuzo senziwe njengama-mandala, okwenza uchungechunge lwamapulatifomu - amapulatifomu ayisihlanu esezansi ngezansi, amapulatifomu amane e-circular ngenhla - ehambisana nomzila othatha abahamba ngezinyawo ngamanqanaba amathathu we-cosmology yamaBuddha.
Izivakashi zikhuphuka izitebhisi eziphakeme ezingeni ngalinye; ama-walkways ahlotshiswe ama-panel relief 2,672 azitshela izindaba ezivela empilweni kaBuddha nemifanekiso evela emibhalweni yamaBuddha.
Ukuze ubuke izixhumanisi ngendlela ehlelekile, kufanele uqale esangweni lesempumalanga, ujikeleze ngeso lengqondo bese ugibela izinga elilodwa uma uqedela isifunda.
Izinga le-Borobudur
Izinga eliphansi kunazo zonke leBorobudur limelela iKamadhatu (izwe lesifiso), futhi lihlotshiswe ngezikhungo ezingu-160 ezibonisa izifiso ezimbi zesifiso somuntu kanye nemiphumela yabo yekarmic. Imifanekiso kufanele ikhuthaze umfundisi ukuthi abalekele izikhonkwane zabo zasemhlabeni eNirvana.
Ipulatifomu ephansi kunazo zonke ibonisa kuphela ingxenyana yezinhlawulo; ingxenye enkulu kakhulu yeBorobudur yayinqunywe ngamatshe eyengeziwe, ehlanganisa ezinye zezinhlawulo.
Umqondisi wethu wachaza ukuthi amanye ama-reliefs angaphezu kwesala ahlanganisiwe, kodwa abukho ubufakazi bokusekela lokhu.
Njengoba isivakashi sikhuphukela eRupadhatu (izwe lamafomu, elihlanganisa amazinga amahlanu alandelayo), ukukhululwa kuqala ukukhuluma indaba eyisimangaliso sokukhulelwa nokuzalwa kukaBuddha. Izinhlawulo zibuye zibonise izenzo zobuqhawe nemizekeliso ethathwe kumlando wamaBuddhist.
Ukukhuphukela kuma- Arupadhatu (izwe elingenasimo , amazinga amane aphezulu eBorobudur), isivakashi sibona izintambo ezifakwe emaphoyiseni ezihlanganisa izithombe zeBuddha ngaphakathi. Lapho amapulatifomu amane okuqala ehlelwe khona zombili ngamatshe, amazinga aphezulu amane avulekile, eveza imibono evelele yeMagelang Regency noMlilo we-volcano kude.
Ngasemuva kakhulu, umqhele we-stupa ophakathi nendawo uBorobudur. Isilinganiso sezivakashi azivunyelwe ukungena kwi-stupa, hhayi ukuthi kukhona okubonayo - i-stupa ayinalutho, njengoba ibonisa ukuphunyuka ku-Nirvana noma lutho olungumgomo omkhulu wokuBuddhism.
Buddha Izifanekiso eBorobudur
Izithombe zeBuddha emazingeni amane aphansi aseBorobudur zisezinhlobonhlobo " zezimo zengqondo" noma i- mudra , ngasinye sibonisa umcimbi empilweni kaBuddha.
I-Bhumi Sparsa Mudra: "uphawu lokuthinta umhlaba", olwenziwa yizithombe zaseBuddha ezingxenyeni ezisempumalanga - izandla ezisekhohlo zivulekile ekuvukeni kwazo, kwesokudla ngakwesokunene nangeminwe zikhonjiswe phansi.
Lokhu kubhekisela empini kaBuddha ngokulwa noMademoni, lapho ebiza uDewi Bumi unkulunkulukazi womhlaba ukuba abone izinsizi zakhe.
UVara Mudra: omelela "uthando", olwenziwa yizithombe zaseBuddha ezingxenyeni eziseningizimu - isandla sokunene sibanjwe ngezandla ngeminwe ngakwesokunene, isandla esesobunxele sasivuliwe ekhanda.
UDhyana Mudra: omelela "ukuzindla", ekhonjiswa yizithombe zaseBuddha ezingasentshonalanga - zombili izandla zifakwa ethangeni, ngakwesokunene phezulu kwesobunxele, zombili izintende zibheke phezulu, imihlangano emibili yezithupha.
I-Abhaya Mudra: emele ukuqinisekiswa nokuqedwa kokwesaba, okwenziwa yizithombe zaseBuddha ezisehlangothini olusenyakatho - isandla sobunxele sasivuliwe ethangeni, ngakwesokunene kancane sikhuliswe ngaphezu kwamadolo esinezinhlangothi ezibhekene nesundu.
I-Vitarka Mudra: emele "ukushumayela", ephakanyiswe amaBuddha ku-balustrade yesiteji esiphezulu sesigcawu - isandla sokunene esifakwe phezulu, isithupha nesiprofetho esithinta, esibonisa ukushumayela.
Izithombe zeBuddha emazingeni aphezulu zihlanganisiwe ezinkambweni eziphambene; enye ishiywe engakapheli ukudalula uBuddha ngaphakathi. Omunye kufanele anike inhlanhla uma ungathinta isandla sakhe; kunzima kunokuba kubukeke, njengoba nje unamathele ingalo yakho, awunawo indlela yokubona isithombe ngaphakathi!
Waisak eBorobudur
AmaBuddha amaningi aya eBorobudur ngesikhathi seWaisak (usuku lwamaBuddha lokukhanyisa). EWaisak, amakhulu ama-monks aseBuddhist avela e-Indonesia futhi aqhubeke nomgwaqo uqala ngo-2: 00 ukuze enze umkhumbi ovela eCandi Mendut eseduze, ehamba amakhilomitha angu-1.5 eya eBorobudur.
Lo mqhudelwano uhamba kancane, ngokukhala ngokukhuleka nokuthandaza, baze bafike eBorobudur cishe ngo-4am. Amakholi azobe esezungeza ithempeli, ekhuphuka emazingeni ngendlela efanele, futhi alindele ukubukeka kwenyanga ekugcineni (lokhu kubonisa ukuzalwa kukaBuddha), okuzobingelelana ngengoma. Imikhosi iphela ngemva kokuphuma kwelanga.
- Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngaleli holide enkulu yamaBuddha, funda lesi sihloko: Vesak eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia , noma usebenzise leli galari: Izithombe zeVesak e-Southeast Asia .
Ukufika eBorobudur
Imali yokungena ye-Borobodur ingu- $ 20; amahhovisi amathikithi avulwa kusukela ngo-6: 00 kuya ku-5: 00. Ungathola futhi ithikithi le-Borobudur / Prambanan elihlangene le-IDR 360,000 (noma mayelana ne-US $ 28.80, ufunde nge- Indonesia imali ). Isikhumulo sezindiza esiseduze esiseYogyakarta, cishe imizuzu engaba ngu-40 ngemoto.
Ngebhasi: Yiya ku-terminal yebhasi ye-Jombor (i-Google Amamephu) eSleman enyakatho ye-Yogyakarta; kusuka lapha, amabhasi avamile ukuhamba phakathi kwedolobha kanye nokugcina ibhasi yeBorobudur (Google Maps). Uhambo lubiza ama-IDR angu-20,000 (cishe ngo-US $ 1.60) futhi kuthatha cishe ihora kuya ihora nengxenye ukuqedela. Ithempeli ngokwayo lingatholakala ngaphakathi kwe-5-7 imizuzu yokuhamba ukusuka esikebheni sebhasi.
Ngama-minibus aqashiwe: Lena yindlela elula yokufika ku-Borobudur, kodwa hhayi eshibhile: cela ihhotela lakho le-Yogyakarta ukuze uncoma iphakheji lokuvakasha kwebhasi. Kuye ngokweziphakeli zephakheji (amanye ama-agent angase afake uhambo oluhambelana ne- Prambanan , i- Kraton , noma i- Yogyakarta eminingi ye-batik nama-factories esiliva ) amanani angabiza phakathi kwe-IDR 70,000 kuya ku-IDR 200,000 (phakathi kuka-US $ 5.60 kuya ku-US $ 16).
Kusuka ehhotela laseManohara eliseduze, uthatha i-Borobudur Sunrise Tour eyokuletha ethempelini ngehora elingamhloniphi ngo-4: 30 ekuseni, likuvumela ukuba ubone ithempeli nge-flashlight kuze kube sekuphumeni kwelanga. Ukuvakasha kwelanga kubiza ama-IDR angu-380,000 (cishe ama-US $ 30) kubantu abangewona ama-Manohara, kanye ne-IDR 230,000 (cishe i-US $ 18.40) yezivakashi zikaManohara.