I-Graffiti ichazwa yi-Oxford Dictionary ngokuthi "ukubhala noma imidwebo ebhaliwe, ehlungiwe noma efakwe ngokungemthetho odongeni noma eminye indawo endaweni yomphakathi," futhi umkhuba wayo ubuyela ekuqaleni kwempucuko (ngisho nangaphezulu esikhathini esidlule uma ubala ama-petroglyphs aphethwe emadongeni emaphandleni ngabantu base-prehistoric). Yebo, kusukela esikhathini esidlule, amadoda nabesifazane baye "bamaka" amagama abo nemilayezo cishe kuzo zonke izindawo ezicatshangwayo.
Izinto azifani kakhulu nanamuhla, nakuba izindlela zishintshile futhi imiphumela yesicelo sayo ibe yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. E-NYC, ama-graffiti abaculi (abaziwa emphakathini wabo ngokuthi "abalobi") bebelokhu behlubuka emphakathini, i-subculture ephikisana nokusungula eyayiveza ulimi lwesiko le-hip-hop. Ema-70s kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-90, ama-graffiti ayebhekwa njengokuchithwa kwempahla kanye nokwehliswa kwempahla ngokungabi nje umthetho kuphela kodwa nabahlali bemizi, njengoba kuboniswa ngabaningi baseNew York abakhathazayo abagibela izitimela ezithengisiwe noma "Ibhomu" ngepayipi yokupenda. Ukusebenzisa leli gama elithi "ibhomu" kuyi-NYC ngemuva kwe-9/11, nokho, ngokuqinisekile kulahlekelwe isikhalazo sayo, futhi umasipala waseMexico uGiuliani wabona indlela entsha yokuhlanza izimoto ezisendlini zangasese ezishisayo, i-graffiti engapheliyo eyake yasebenza njengephephadonga ngemuva kokuhamba komuntu wonke eNew Yorker.
Kodwa i-subculture eyayiyimagrafiti yaqhubeka ikhula futhi isakazwa emhlabeni wonke.
Lezi zinsuku, zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "ubuciko bomgwaqo" futhi abasebenza kule fomu yobuciko obukhethekile bavela echibini elikhulu kakhulu labantu abanezizinda ezihlukahlukene zezenhlalo, ubuhlanga nezifundo. Ubuciko obuzobubona emigwaqweni yaseNew York City namuhla kubonisa izitayela ezingase zihlanganise izidumbu zezombusazwe zaseLatin-American kanye ne-stencil art, amatoli ase-Asia, ukuhlukahluka kobuciko obuphezulu, ukuhlonipha isitayela se-hip-hop esidala, futhi Okuningi.
Ngemuva kwegentrification yokuguqula iNew York City ngesivinini esesabekayo, isimo sobuciko bomgwaqo sesicindezelekile ukuxoxa. Nakuba ukugubha komgwaqo kugubha njengendlela yokuhlelwa kwezilungiselelo zasemadolobheni, sekubuye kubesabeke njengokuxhaphaza kwemali nokuguquka okunamandla okuthuthela ezindaweni zokuhlala, zokuthutha, kanye nokwabiwa kwamasiko ezentengiselwano nokuthuthukiswa kwezindlu. Noma kunjalo, ubuciko bomgwaqo e-NYC uyaqhubeka nokukhumbuza futhi buhle emehlweni.
I-Queens inomkhuba ocebile wobuciko bomgwaqo nasezindaweni eziningana, uzothola inqwaba yobuciko ukukhanyisa abafundi bakho. Nazi izindawo ezimbili ezinhle kakhulu ze-Queens zokwenza lokho nje:
Imigwaqo ye-LIC
Ngesinye isikhathi, kwakukhona indawo e-Long Island City (LIC), Queens, eyayibizwa ngokuthi "i-graffiti mecca" yomhlaba: 5 Pointz. Lapha, ezindongeni zesakhiwo esakhiwe ngamakhilomitha angu-200,000-square esake sakhiwa amamitha amanzi, amakhulu amaningi amakhulu okugcoba okufakwe yi-spray-peinted by an international 'obani' bezingcweti ezidumile ze-aerosol. Lapho isayithi lezimboni liqala ukuba yinto yokubamba imidwebo 'yomthetho' ekuqaleni kwawo-1990, kwaziwa ngokuthi iPhun Phactory, ngaphambi ekugcineni kuthiwa yi-5 Pointz - ukukhombisa amabutho amahlanu eNew York City ehlangana ndawonye.
Ngeshwa, ngo-2014, u-5 Pointz wehlelwa ibhola lokuthungatha, kodwa endaweni yalo liye lahluma amaphrojekthi amaningi emigwaqo eseduze, kokubili izinhlobo zezomthetho nezingekho emthethweni.
Ukuhamba emigwaqweni ye-LIC, ungase uhlangabezane nobuciko be-stencil noma i-small scale scale wall. Njengoba kunikezwa ukuthi bangaki abaculi abanendawo ye-studio endaweni, kuyafaneleka ukuthi indawo yobuciko iphinde ichithe emigwaqeni futhi ikhiqize ngaphandle.
Kukhona iphrojekthi eyodwa yomphakathi eqondene nendawo yasendaweni yomphakathi eseduze nendawo ehlanganisa isigamu sedolobha elisendlini yesakhiwo esinezitezi ezintathu; inikezwe ngendwangu eminingi yabathengisi abahlanganyele. Le phrojekthi ibizwa ngokuthi i-Top-to-Bottom, ibinzana legraffiti elikhuluma ngesikhathi esisodwa sokudweba wonke ububanzi nokuphakama kwezitimela. Imibukiso ibonakala kusukela emgwaqweni, kusukela emathrekhi angu-7 e-subway line, futhi kusukela e- Queensboro Bridge .
Isiqalo esihle sokubonga i-Top-to-Bottom sisemngceleni we-21st Street no-43rd Avenue. Izakhi ze-Technicolor zizophuma nje kuwe: Thatha isikhathi sakho uhambe ujikeleze isakhiwo - ama-murals afika kuzo zonke izinhlobo nobukhulu, okubandakanya kokubili ukusebenza kwe-solo kanye nokusebenzisana (ngezinye izinto eziklanyelwe ngendlela efanayo nezakhiwo kanye nemvelo). Abaculi abangu-60 abanikelayo babenezilingo ezidumile ezifana noMagda Love, Daze, Crash, Cekis, Werc, Alice Mizrachi, Case MacLaim, Erasmo, Cern, Alexandre Keto, Li-Hill, Bheka One, Icy & Sot, nokunye - bayaboniswa Amazwe angu-14 (iJalimane, eCanada, eMexico, e-Argentina, eBelarus, nokuningi), kanye nakwezinye izindawo ezivela emadolobheni ayisihlanu edolobheni, kuhlanganise neQueens.
Sisazilahla ukulahlekelwa yi-5 Pointz e-LIC, kodwa umoya wobuciko bomgwaqo uhlala kule ndawo eshukumisayo.
Inkantolo Yenhlalakahle, i-Astoria
Noma kunjalo awuzange ugcwalise ubuciko bokumangaza kwe-Queens street? Wena unenhlanhla: Mane uhambe waya e-Astoria engumakhelwane, lapho konke kuhamba kahle emgwaqweni wezobuciko emgwaqweni e-Welling Court. Eceleni komgwaqo wamanzi eVernon Boulevard nasenyakatho, i- Astoria Park , le ngxenye encane-engxenyeni encane yenziwe nge-hodgepodge yezakhiwo zokuhlala nezimboni, enikeza izindawo ezihlukahlukene lapho abaculi abangapenda khona bese bezama. Iminyango emikhulu yensimbi namagxolo ezindawo zokugcina izitini lapha zihlanganiswe ngemidwebo, inika umbono wezobuciko eziqoshiwe eziqoshiwe eziboniswa eminyuziyamu evulekile yasemadolobheni ekhombisa izivimbela eziningana. Kukhona nezingcezu ezizungeza izindonga futhi zigcwalise izikhumba, zengeza izendlalelo nokujula ekuhlangenwe nakho kokubuka. Umphakathi awukamukeli kuphela kodwa abamemezeli be-Ad Hoc Art bakumenywe ukuba bakhonze futhi babheke ukubonakaliswa kwalezi zakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zasemadolobheni (zisho ukuthi izikhathi ezintathu zishesha!). Umphumela uwuhlelo oluyiminyaka engu-8 olusebenzayo oluqhubeka lukhula ngokukhula nobubanzi, njengoba luholwa ngumsunguli uGarrison Buxton.
Ama-murals angajatshulwa kunoma yikuphi ukuhleleka, futhi akukho okunye okuqala okuphakanyiswayo, njengoba kunikezwa ukuthi umgwaqo osendlini uhamba ngezindlela eziningi. Ukuze uthole isiqondiso esithile, kufaka phakathi amagama abo bonke abaculi abahlanganyelayo, hlola le mephu ehlelekile ; phawula ukuthi i-up-to-date kuphela kuze kufike ngo-June 2017, lapho imisebenzi eminingi emidala izobe idwetshwe ngokubukwa okusha.
Umhlangano we-8 wonyaka we-Welling Court wokubanjelwa kweNkantolo yezobuLungiswa kanye nomphathi wembuso wembuso wembuso wezemidlalo uveza ibhekwe elisha lelilanga elimangalisayo nekhono lobuchopho okwenzeka ngoJuni 10, 2017. Ukwakhiwa kwezicucu ezintsha kuzokwenzeka ngesonto elilodwa ngaphambi kwalokho, ngakho-ke ungakhululekile ukuma khona-ke ukubona abaculi bebenza emilingo yabo yomdabu. Ngo-2017, abaculi abangaphezu kuka-130 abavela emazweni angaphezu kuka-20 bazobamba iqhaza, kufaka phakathi izingcindezi ezinzima zezithombe zomgwaqo ezifana noJoe Iurato, uRubin 415, Werc, kanye nabanikazi abathandekayo besifazane abanjengoK Katie Yamasaki kanye nokubuya kwe-Lady Pink, Queens- u-Ecuador wasekhaya futhi "nomama wokuqala we-graffiti" oye waba 'umbhali' osebenzayo kusukela ngo-1979.
Ngaphandle kweMingcele Yomakhelwane
Ngaphandle kwale miklamo ephikisiwe, ubuciko bomgwaqo bungatholakala bufafazwe kulo lonke elaseBueens, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi libi noma lenziwe ngobuciko; ihlonishwa futhi igcinwe, ifakwe ngaphezulu futhi ihlukumezekile, noma isivele ichithe isikhathi. Emadolobheni aseQueens afana neWorkside noSt. Albans , uzothola izingcingo ezihamba phambili ezigubha abaculi bendawo, abadlali, abaqaphi, ukuziqhenya komakhelwane, amaqhawe awile, kanye nezitatimende zethemba nokulahleka. Mhlawumbe endaweni ethile kulowo mxube ungumculi ohlahlelayo ofuna ukungena ezweni elisebenzayo nelizuzisayo lezemibukiso, iminyuziyamu, nokuhweba; mhlawumbe iBasquiat elandelayo, i-Banksy, noma i-Shepard Fairey. Noma, mhlawumbe, ngumuntu ongeke wazi, ubuso obungaqondakali bomlayezo womuntu siqu nombhalo ongeke ukwazi ukuqonda ngokugcwele - izimbongi ezibonwayo ze-ephemeral, ukwabelana ngombono wazo lapha kuQueens.