I-Hadrian Wall yaphawula umngcele osenyakatho woMbuso WaseRoma. Kwathatha cishe amakhilomitha angu-80, ngaphesheya kwentamo encane yesifundazwe saseRoma saseBrithaniya, kusukela eNyakatho yeLwandle ngasempumalanga kuya emaphandleni aseSolway Firth oLwandle lwase-Ireland eNtshonalanga. Kwawela ezinye zezindawo ezinhle kakhulu, ezihle kunazo zonke eNgilandi.
Namuhla, cishe eminyakeni engaba ngu-2 000 emva kokwakhiwa, yi-UNESCO World Heritage Site kanye nendawo ethandwa kakhulu ezokuvakasha eNyakatho England.
Inani elimangalisayo lihlala - ezinqabeni nasezindaweni zokuhlala, "ezinqabeni zasolwandle" nasezindlini zokugeza, ezinqoleni, nasezindaweni ezide, ezingaphazamiseki zodonga uqobo. Izivakashi zingahamba ngomzila, umjikelezo noma ukushayela emigqumeni yayo eminingi, uvakashele iminyuziyamu ethakazelisayo nemigodi yokuvubukula, noma uthathe ibhasi elizinikezele - umgwaqo # AD122 - eduze kwalo. Umlando wamaRoma ungase uqaphele ukuthi inombolo yendlela yebhasi njengonyaka owawakhiwe ngawo uHadrian Wall.
I-Hadrian's Wall: Umlando Omfushane
AmaRoma ayekade ehlala eBrithani kusukela ngo-AD 43 futhi eqhubekele eScotland, enqoba izizwe zaseScotland, ngo-AD 85. Kodwa amaScot ahlala enzima kakhulu futhi ngo-AD 117, lapho uMbusi Hadrian eqala ukubusa, wayala ukwakha udonga ukuhlanganisa futhi uvikele umngcele osenyakatho waseMbusweni. Ufikile ukuyihlola ngo-AD 122 futhi ngokuvamile yilokho okwenzelwe umsuka wayo kodwa, cishe kungenzeka ukuthi iqalwe ekuqaleni.
Landela umzila womgwaqo omkhulu waseRoma ngaphesheya kwezwe, i-Stanegate, nezindawo eziningana zezinqaba zawo kanye nezindawo ezingenayo i-legionnaire sezivele zikhona ngaphambi kokuba kwakhiwe udonga. Noma kunjalo, uHadrian uvame ukuthola yonke isikweletu. Futhi enye yezinto zakhe ezintsha kwakhiwa kwamasango amasango odongeni ngakho intela nama-toll angahle atholakale kubantu abakhela imingcele ezinsukwini zemakethe.
Kwathatha amaGoli amaRoma amathathu - noma amadoda angu-15 000 - iminyaka eyisithupha ukuqedela ukufeza okuphawulekayo kwezobunjiniyela, ezindaweni eziqinile, izintaba, imifula kanye nemifudlana, nokwandisa ogwini olusogwini.
Kodwa amaRoma ayesevele ebhekene nokucindezelwa ezivela ezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukene. Ngesikhathi bakha udonga, uMbuso wawusuvele wehla. Bazama ukunyathela enyakatho baye eScotland futhi bashiya kancane udonga ngenkathi bakha elinye elinye amakhilomitha angu-100 enyakatho. I-Antonine Wall yaseScotland ayizange ikhule kakhulu kunokwakhiwa kwemikhumbi engama-37 eside emhlabeni ngaphambi kokuba amaRoma abuyele emuva eHandrian's Wall.
Eminyakeni engama-300 kamuva, ngo-410 AD, amaRoma ayedlulile futhi udonga lwaluye lwashiywa. Kwase kwesikhashana, abaphathi bendawo bagcina izikhala zetekisi nokuqoqwa kwentela yendawo edongeni, kodwa kungakabiphi, kwaba yinto engaphezulu nje komthombo wezinto zokwakha ezenziwe ngomumo. Uma uvakashela amadolobha ngaphesheya kwaleyo ngxenye yaseNgilandi, uzobona izimpawu zegranite ezigqoke zaseRoma ezizindongeni zamasonto asendulo kanye nesakhiwo somphakathi, imizi, ngisho nezinqolobane zamatshe nezinsika. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi iningi likaHadrian Wall likhona ukuze ubone.
Uphi futhi Ungayibona Kanjani
Izivakashi ze-Hadrian Wall zingakhetha ukuhamba odongeni uqobo, ukuvakashela amasayithi athakazelisayo namamyuziyamu odongeni noma ukuhlanganisa imisebenzi emibili.
Okukhethayo kuzoxhomeka, mhlawumbe ngentshisekelo yakho emisebenzini yangaphandle.
Ukuhamba Ngodonga: Izakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zodonga lwaseRoma oluqinile ziphakathi nendawo yeHadrian's Wall Path, i-Long Distance National Trail. Izintambo ezide kunazo zonke ziphakathi kweBrithoswald Roman Fort neSycamore Gap. Kunezindawo ezibucayi odongeni eduze kwaseCafields and Steel Rigg eNorthumberland National Park. Iningi lale ndawo yinkinga enokukhohlisa, evezwe ngonya. isimo sezulu esishintshayo emagqumeni amakhulu kakhulu ezindaweni. Ngenhlanhla, indlela ingahlukaniswa ibe yifushane futhi iyindilinga - phakathi kokuma emgwaqweni webhasi we-AD122, mhlawumbe. Ibhasi ligijima kusukela ekuqaleni kukaMashi kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-Okthoba (ekuqaleni nokuphela kwenkathi kubonakala kuguquka njalo ngonyaka, ngakho-ke hlola kangcono ukuhlelwa kwethempulethi).
Iyeke njalo kodwa izomisa ukuhamba nabahambahamba nomaphi lapho iphephile ukwenza kanjalo.
Inhlangano yezokuvakasha i-Hadrian's Wall Country, ishicilela ibhukwana eliwusizo kakhulu, elitholakala ngokuhamba nge-Hadrian's Wall ehlanganisa amabalazwe amaningi alula, alula ukusebenzisa ulwazi mayelana namabhasi e-mabhasi, amahostela nezindawo zokukhosela, ukupaka izimoto, izindawo zokubeka izimpawu, izindawo zokudla nokuphuza nezindlu zokuphumula. Uma uhlela uhambo lokuhamba kule ndawo, ngokuqinisekile landa le ncwajana enhle kakhulu, yamahhala, enamakhasi angu-44.
Ukuhamba ngebhayisikili: I- Hadrian's Cycleway, iyingxenye yeNational Cycle Network, ekhonjiswe njenge-NCR 72 ngezibonakaliso. Akusiyo intaba yebhayisikili yezintaba ngakho ayihambisani nodonga ngaphezu kwendawo engokwemvelo yemvelo, kodwa isebenzisa imigwaqo evuliwe nemigwaqo encane yemigwaqo eseduze. Uma ufuna ukubona empeleni udonga, udinga ukuvikela ibhayisikili lakho bese ugibela kuwo.
Izimpawu zomlando: Ukuhamba odongeni kuhle kubantu abathandayo ngaphandle kodwa uma unesithakazelo kumaRoma emaphethelweni asenyakatho yombuso wawo, cishe uzothola izindawo eziningi zokuvubukula kanye nezindawo zomlando odongeni nakakhulu okwanelisayo. Abaningi banokupaka futhi bangafinyelelwa ngemoto noma ibhasi lendawo. Eziningi zigcinwa yi-National Trust noma i-English Heritage (ngokuvamile kokubili ndawonye) kanti ezinye zinezindleko zokungena. Lezi zingcono kakhulu:
- I-Birdoswald i-Roman Fort iyisayithi eselulekile esisele eside kunazozonke odongeni. Udonga lwangaphandle oluvikelekile lwe-fort ngokwayo lugcinwe kakhulu kunoma yikuphi odongeni futhi luhlanganisa yonke indawo enqaba, kuhlanganise nezinqolobane nezindawo ezinhlanu eziyisithupha eziyisithupha zokuqala. Lesi sakhiwo sikhiqize ubufakazi obuhle bokuvubukula okwenzeka eNdongeni likaHadrian ngenkathi amaRoma evela eBrithani. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwezivakashi ezintsha nezakhiwo, ezakhiwe ngokutshalwa kwezimali ezingu-£ 1.3 million, zivulele umphakathi ngo-2018. Zihlanganisa umbukiso omusha ovumela izivakashi ukuba zingene ezweni lamaSulumane aseRoma, i-cafe, isitolo kanye negumbi lomndeni imisebenzi ephathelene nomndeni.
- Vula kusukela ngo-Mashi 30 kuya ku-Septhemba 30, ngo-10 ekuseni kuya ku-6 ntambama futhi kusukela ngo-Okthoba 1 kuya kuNovemba 4 kuya ku-5 ntambama. Kusukela ngoNovemba 5 kuya ku-Mashi 29, i-Birdoswald iphela ngempelasonto evulekile. Ukwamukelwa kwabadala ngaphandle kwe- Gift Aid kuyinto £ 6.50; amathikithi emntfwana kanye nomndeni kanye nokuvunyelwa kuyatholakala. Leli sayithi lifakwe kwiGugu leNgqayizivele leGugu labaMvakashelezi abangaphandle .
- I-Chesters i-Roman Fort ne-Museum, engaba amakhilomitha angaba ngu-30 ukusuka ekugcineni kwezingxenyeni ezisempumalanga kwodonga, yiyona ndawo engcono kakhulu yokulondolozwa kwamahhashi aseRoma namahhashi aseBrithani. Indlu yokugeza, eduze noMfula iTyne iyamangalisa, izindonga zigcinwe kuze kube sekuqaleni kwemigodi ezindaweni ezithile. Kukhona izindlu kanye nomuzi wamakhompiyutha kanye neMyuziyamu enhle kakhulu enezinto ezivubukuli ezivela kule ndawo. Esinye sezizathu ukuthi i-Chesters ingasetshenziswa kahle ukuthi ivikelwe kumphangi wamatshe futhi iyalinywa ngumnikazi wendawo, uJohn Clayton, owenziwe futhi evikela isayithi (nabanye abazuzile odongeni) umsebenzi wakhe wokuphila. Kwakuyimpilo ende yonyaka, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 leminyaka ngasekupheleni kwe-20, kusukela ngo-1792 kuya ku-1890.
- Amahora wokuvula afana nalawo e-Birdoswald Fort Fort, ngenhla. Ukwamukelwa kwabantu abadala, ngaphandle kwe-Gift Aid kungu-£ 7; amathikithi emntfwana kanye nomndeni kanye nokuvunyelwa kuyatholakala. Leli sayithi lifakwe kwiGugu leNgqayizivele leGugu labaMvakashelezi abangaphandle .
- Idolobha laseRoma laseCorbridge. Eminyakeni engaba ngu-350, uCorbridge kancane kancane washintsha esuka esitelekeni sezempi samaRoma ukuba afike edolobheni elithuthukile lapho abantu basezindaweni ezihlukahlukene baseMbusweni behlala futhi bethengiswa. Ngo-2018, izivakashi zingabona izithelo zokutshala imali engu-£ 575,000 embukisweni omusha zenza umongo ophumayo wezinto ezingaphezu kuka-150,000 ezivuliwe kusayithi. Iqoqo le-artifact le-Corbridge lingenye yezinkulu kakhulu ekunakekeleni kweMagugu eNgisi. Okungenani amaphesenti angama-20 eqoqo le-Corbridge, ingilazi, ubumba, izinto zensimbi nezemihlobiso yomuntu, akakaze abonakale emphakathini ngaphambili. Isayithi cishe ngamamitha angu-19 entshonalanga yeNewcastle-upon-Tyne nge-A69. Kunezinsizakalo zamabhasi ezivela edolobheni kanye nomzana waseHexham. Idolobha lanamuhla laseCorbridge lihanjiswa yizitimela futhi isiteshini cishe uhambo olungama-20 ukusuka endaweni yaseRoma. Kukhona ukupaka okulinganiselwe kusayithi kanye nokupaka okukhululekile edolobheni lanamuhla, cishe i-kilomitha nekota.
- Amahora wokuvula afana no-Birdoswald no-Chesters, ngenhla. Ukungena kwabadala kungu-£ 7.60, nezingane, amathikithi omndeni kanye nokunikezwa okutholakala kanye nokufakwa kuPhasi Lokuvakashelwa Kwamanye amazwe. Ngesikhathi sokubhala (Mashi 24, 2018) indawo yomyuziyamu yavalwa ukuze ilungiselele umbukiso omusha. Kuze kube ngu-Ephreli 27, 2018., lapho kuhlelelwe ukuvulwa kabusha, inani lentengo elungisiwe lizosebenza.
- Izindlu zaseRoma Roman Fort, indawo ephelele kunazo zonke yaseRoma eBrithani, isemaphethelweni eNorthernhumberland National Park eduze kwezitimela zezitimela zeBardon Mill / Haydon Bridge noma eHaltwhistle. Isikhundla saso esiphakeme sinikeza imibono emangalisayo phezu kwezwe elizungezile, futhi empumalanga kwodonga olusenyakatho lwamahhashi, izindawo eziningi zeHadrian's Wall. Amasosha amaRoma angama-800 ahlala futhi asebenza eHomesesteads. Futhi babengenamahloni ngobuqili babo; Ngokusho kweGugu leNgqungquthela, kanye ne-National Trust, eyinawo futhi ilawula isayithi, igama lokuqala le-fort, i-Vercovicium, lisho ukuthi "indawo yabadlali abaphumelelayo" Lesi sakhiwo sibandakanya indawo yokuvimbela indlu, isibhedlela, indlu yenkosi kanye nezindlu zangasese zangasese. Imyuziyamu esiteshini ibonisa ukuthi kwakhiwa kanjani i-fort kanye nedolobha eliseduze labantu basekhaya. Kukhona isikhungo se-National Trust Visitors Centre. Leli sayithi idinga izinga elithile lokuzivocavoca njengoba ukuhamba kweminithi elingu-10 kusuka Isikhungo Sokuvakashela kuya enqabeni ngokwalo kuchazwa ngokuthi "okunamandla."
- Amahora wokuvula , izimo zokungena kanye nokusetshenziswa kweGugu lamaNgisi ezingaphezu kwezilwandle Abavakashi abahambayo bafana nezinye izakhiwo zamagugu zesiNgisi odongeni. Ukuvunyelwa okujwayelekile kwabantu abadala ku-£ 7.80.
Ukuvakasha kweWall's Wall
I-Hadrian's Wall Ltd inikeza izinkambo kanye nezinkambo ezincane odongeni, kusukela osukwini olulodwa, olwandle oluyi-4-wheel-drive oluhamba ngezindawo eziyisihluthulelo odongeni ukuya emihoreni emibili noma emithathu ebusuku endaweni encane ephakathi ne-safaris, ukuhamba okuhleliwe noma okuqondiswayo kanye nokuhamba kwezimoto nokukhishwa. Izinketho zenkampani zilungele noma ubani ongafuni ukuhamba amabanga ahleliwe nsuku zonke noma obhekene nokuhamba amabanga amade endaweni engumgudu, enomoya. Amanani (ngo-2018) avela ku-£ 250 amaqembu abantu abangaba yisithupha ngosuku olulodwa lwe-safari ukuya ku-£ 275 umuntu ngamunye ngobusuku obubusuku bobusuku, phakathi kwe-midweek nge-safaris nokuhamba ngezinyawo.
I-Hadrian's Wall Country, iwebhusayithi enhle kakhulu yebhizinisi, izikhangisi kanye nemikhawulo emikhawulweni yobude be-Hadrian's Wall, igcina uhlu lwabaqondisi abafanelekayo nabanconywayo bokuvakasha abangakwazi ukuvakashela odongeni, okujabulisayo nokuphephile.
Okunye Okuseseduze
Phakathi kweNewcastle / Gateshead empumalanga neCarlisle entshonalanga, lokhu kuyindawo egcwele izindlu, izindawo zokumba, iziqephu eziphakathi nendawo kanye namaRoma ezithatha amagama amaningana ambalwa ukuze zibalwe bonke. Phinda futhi, hlola iwebhusayithi ye-Hadrian's Wall Country, ulwazi olunjalo nolwazi oluxhunyanwa naye ngezinto onokuzenza kuzo zonke izithakazelo endaweni.
Kodwa, "okumele uvakashele" isayithi yi-Roman Vindolanda i-Roman Army Museum, umdwebo osebenzayo wokuvubukula, indawo yokufundisa kanye nokukhangwa komndeni akude nodonga. Njalo ehlobo, abavubukuli bathola izinto eziphawulekayo kule ndawo yokuqothulwa kwamagundane okwakunqotshwa ngodonga lweHadrian futhi bahlala njengendawo yokuhlala kuze kube sekhulwini lesishiyagalolunye leminyaka, eminyakeni engama-400 emva kokuba udonga lushiywe. I-Vindolanda yaba yindawo eyisisekelo nesiteji samasosha nabasebenzi abakha udonga lukaHadrian.
Phakathi kwezindawo ezitholakala kakhulu kule ndawo kukhona amaphilisi okubhala e-Vindolanda. Amaphilisi, imibala emincane yamapulangwe ahlanganiswe izincwadi nezincwadi, yizibonelo ezinde kunazo zonke zokubhala ngesandla ezitholakala eBrithani. Evotelwe ochwepheshe kanye nomphakathi ngokuthi "i-Top Treasure yaseBrithani", imicabango nemizwa kulezi zincwadi ziwubufakazi emininingwaneni yangasese yempilo yansuku zonke yamasosha aseRoma nabasebenzi. Imikhonzo yokuzalwa, izimemo zenkampani, izicelo zokuthunyelwa kwezigqoko nezinsipho ezifudumele zibhalwa ngamacembe amancane, afana namaphepha enkuni, aqhubeka ngokumangalisayo eminyakeni engaba ngu-2 000 ngokungcwatshwa endaweni ekhululekile yokuphefumula. Akukho okunye okufana nalezi amaphilisi emhlabeni. Amaphilisi amaningi agcinwa eBritish Museum eLondon, kodwa kusukela ngo-2011, ngenxa yokutshalwa kwemali eyizigidi zamamiliyoni, ezinye zezincwadi manje sezibuyiselwe kuVindolanda, lapho zikhonjiswa khona ecaleni elivaliwe. I-Vindolanda inomndeni-onomusa, nemisebenzi, amafilimu, ama-exhibits kanye nethuba lokubona futhi iqhaza ekuvubukuleni kwangempela njalo ehlobo. Isayithi liqhutshwa ngethempelini yokusizakala futhi ukungena kuyakhokhiswa.