Imihlangano yamaJesuit yaseNingizimu Melika
Abapristi beNhlangano kaJesu, eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-Jesuits, abathuthukisa uchungechunge lwezinkonzo kulokho okukhona manje e-Argentina, eBrazil, eBolivia, e-Uruguay naseParaguay babenombono omncane wokuthi ngelinye ilanga izidumbu zezikhungo zabo, ezincane noma ezincane, abe esiteshini sezokuvakasha.
Izivakashi ziza ukubona lezi zincithakalo, izilinganiso eziningi zamasonto, izidwebo zendawo eziqoshiwe ezivela e-European art of the day, kanye nendlela yokubusa engabantwana, ababusayo abanomusa okwenza ukuba amaJesuit ahambisane nokuphathwa kwezizwe zakwamanye amazwe kwenye indawo eLatin America.
Ngenxa yokukhululwa kwenqubomgomo ye- encomienda lapho izizwe zendabuko zazixhomeke emisebenzini yemisebenzi yokuphila kwazo, ama-Jesuits aphakamisa umqondo wezinhlelo lapho uhlala khona ngamunye, okuthiwa i- reducción noma i- redução ngesiPutukezi, wakhiwa njengenhlalakahle kanye nezomnotho Ukwandiswa kwemisebenzi yokuletha inkolo yamaRoma Katolika kumadabuko, ikakhulukazi izinhlanga ze-Guaraní, ngemfundo engokomoya, imfundo, imizamo yokuhweba kanye nokuhweba. Lezi zithunywa zizoletha inkokhelo yomqhele waseSpain ngokuthi "ukukhokha" ngokushiya izindawo ezindaweni zokulawulwa kwamaJesuit. Kwakukhona abapristi ababili ababelwe umsebenzi wokunciphisa ngamunye, ngamunye onomsebenzi ohlukile futhi ocacile.
I- Guaraní kwakuyizilimi ezineziqhwa njengezimpi ezinamandla. Ngaphansi kohlelo lwe- reducción , bahlala ndawonye futhi beletha amakhono abo okulima. Bafunda imfundo eyisisekelo kanye nemisebenzi yezandla ezifana nokumba, ukukhwehlela isikhumba, ukulungisa, ubuciko, ukubhuka kanye nokulungiselela umbhalo.
Abafana abathembeke kakhulu banikezwa phambili, izifundo zakudala. Umphakathi we-Guaraní waqala ukufunda nokubhala, futhi amathalenta awo okwakhiwa kwaziwa ngokuthi i-Guaraní i-baroque. AmaNdiya asebenza emazweni omphakathi, abe nosuku oluthile lomsebenzi nesikhathi esinikezelwe emikhosi yenkolo, ezemidlalo, emfundweni nasemculweni.
Ukuthuthukiswa kobuciko nobuciko kuholele emasontweni amakhulu asetshenzisiwe kanye nezakhiwo ezakhiweni. AmaJesitusi avikela izizwe "emathonyeni amabi" nokuxhashazwa yiYurophu. Empeleni, kusukela lezi zindawo zaseNingizimu Melika zazikude ezivela emiqhele yaseSpain neyamaPutukezi, amaJesuit akha izizinda zabo ezinamandla.
Eminyakeni eyi-150 eyalandela, lezi zithunywa zakhula zaba imizi encane, eqinile kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nezikhungo zemfundo kanye nobuciko bezizwe zaseNdiya. I- reducciónes inesitayela sazo ngabanye, kodwa bonke bahlanganyela uhlelo olufanayo lomhlangano. Ezungeze indawo ye-plaza yesigodi nesigxobo sayo nesithombe se-saint ye-mission, kwakuyisonto, ekolishi, esontweni nasendlini yabahlali baseNdiya. I- reducción ngayinye nayo yanikeza indlu abafelokazi, isibhedlela, ama-workshops amaningi ekwakhiweni kwezinto zobuciko kanye nokugcina izinto eziningana.
Njengoba bekhula, imizi yokuthunywa yathola isaziso saseSpain, ePortugal, noPapa uClement XIV owayesaba ukuthi ama-Jesuits ayeba namandla kakhulu, azimele. Ngo-1756, amabutho aseSpain namaPutukezi ahlasele lezi zithunywa, abulala abaningi futhi eshiya ama- reducciónes ne- reduçãos enhlekeleleni. Abahlali basindile babaleka, futhi amaJesitusi axoshwa eNingizimu Melika, njengoba ayevela kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba.
Kodwa-ke, umoya wabo uhlala emanxiweni emisebenzi eminingi: ama- reducciónes ayishumi nesithupha e-Argentina, eyisikhombisa eParaguay kanye nama- reduços ayisikhombisa kulokho manje eBrazil.
Ukuthunywa kokuqala kwakuseBrazil, kwaqala ngo-1609, kodwa kwashiywa ngawo-1640 emva kokuphanga okuphindaphindiwe yiPaulistas, evela eSao Paulo, eyasungulwa amaJesitithi ngo-1554. Kamuva ukuthunywa kwakungamasosha futhi kukulungele ukuxosha i- bandeirantes , isiPutukezi nengxenye abashayeli bezinceku zaseNdiya abavela eBrazil.
E-Paraguay, izindawo zokuthunywa zazisungulwa phakathi kwemifula yeTebleuary yParaná kulokho manje yiminyango yeMisiones ne-Itapúa. Bona le mephu.
I-Jesuit yokuqala Reducción eParaguay itholakala emzini waseSan Ignacio de las Misiones, u-226 Km ukusuka e-Asunción. I-museum ye-mission imele wonke ama-Jesuit reducciones ngombono oningiliziwe wendlela yokuphila yezithunywa zevangeli.
Etholakale edolobheni laseSantos Cosme y Damián, 342 Km kusukela e-Asunción, lo msebenzi wawuyi-observation astronomical nesikole.
Itholakala eSanta María, i-240 Km ukusuka e-Asunción, eduze neCiudad de San Ignacio, lo mkhankaso wakhiwe ngezinga elikhulu. It has a museum nge imininingwane yokwakha kanye nokuphila kwansuku zonke.
Le mishini ingenye yezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zomlando ezisekusetshenzisweni. Amakhaya amaNdiya anqamula i-plaza ephakathi lapho kukhona khona izikhumbuzo kanye nemyuziyamu. Kutholakala edolobheni laseSantiago, okuyindawo ephakathi kwe- Fiesta de la Tradición Misionera .
I-Paraguayan, i-Argentine, i-Bolivia, i-Brazilian ne-Uruguaye missiones ekhasini elilandelayo.
- UJesús del Tavarangué (1685)
Ebizwa ngokuthi i- Patrimonio Universal de la Humanidad yi-UNESCO ngo-1993, futhi ikhona e-Ciudad de Jesús, lo mkhankaso usezindaweni ezibukeka kakhulu futhi ungomunye wabantu ababuyiselwe futhi abavakashele ama-Jesuit reducciónes . - I-Santa Rosa de Lima (1698)
I-248 Km efrim Asunción edolobheni laseSanta Rosa, lo mhlangano uyaziwa kakhulu ngemininingwane yokwakha kanye neCapilla de Loreto. - I-Trinidad del Paraná (1706)
Ebizwa nangokuthi i- Patrimonio Universal de la Humanidad yi-UNESCO ngo-1993, lokhu kwakuyiyona yokugcina yama-Jesuit reducciones eParaguay futhi yiyona evame ukuvakashelwa. Isonto elikhulu, isikole, ama-workshops, izindlu, amathuna, izithelo zezithelo nemyuziyamu zinikeza ukuqondisisa empilweni nasefilosofi yemisebenzi.I-Argentina:
Iningi lezithunywa zikhona phakathi kwemingcele yaseParaguay naseBrazil, esifundazweni sezithunywa zevangeli. - San Jose de Lules
- I-San Ignacio Miní (1732)
- Inhlangano kaSan Ignacio Miní, uNoestra Señora de Loreto, iSanta Ana, iSanta María
- Corpus, San Carlos, San José, Martires, San Javier, Conception, Apostoles, Santo Tomé, Yapeiu, La Cruz, eCandelaria
- USao Lourenco Martir , manje owaziwa ngokuthi uSan Lorenzo esifundeni saseParana.
- I-San Nicolas , eyasungulwa eBrazil futhi yathuthela kulokhu okwamanje isifundazwe sezithunywa zevangeli ngemuva kokuhlaselwa yi- bandeirantes .
- Santa Ana , owasekelwe eBrazil futhi wathuthela kule sayithi eduze nomfula iParana.
I-Bolivia:
Lezi zithunywa zikhona esifundeni saseChiquitania kusukela eSanta Cruz, empumalanga ngaphesheya kweRío Grande kuya emngceleni waseBrazil. Lezi zithunywa, ezakhiwe phakathi kuka-1696 no-1760, zabizwa ngokuthi "iGugu Lomhlaba" yiKomidi leGugu leMhlaba le-UNESCO ngo-1990. - I-San Javier 1691, kwakuyi-mission yokuqala yaseBolivia. Isonto laso "isakhiwo esincane esincane, uphahla luya phansi kakhulu ukuze ludale i-verandah ezinhlangothini kanye nesango elijulile ngaphambili. Kukhona i-cloister ohlangothini olulodwa, ne-belltower evulekile ngokhuni. Ingaphakathi lesonto liyingxube elula nemigqa emibili yamakholomu amakhulu, ngalinye eliqoshwe esihlahleni esisodwa, ehamba phansi e-altare ephakeme. I-woodwork itholakala ngemibala emibili, obomvu obomvu okwenziwa emhlabeni wendawo, futhi omnyama kusuka e-soot. Ngenhla kwe-altare kukhona imidwebo - ayikho emthethweni ngamazinga kaJesuit, kodwa aphile - etshela indaba yamaJesuits. Ekhiyiwe phakathi nosuku, ebusuku isonto liphila lapho ama-chandeliers kagesi ashisa ngokukhanya futhi i-nave ihlanganisiwe ngenkonzo yakusihlwa. "
Imihlangano yamaJesuit yaseBolivia: - I-San Ramón
- I-San Ignacio de Velazco
- Concepción
- I-Santa Ana (1637)
- ISan José de Chiquitos
- San Jose
- I-San Francisco Javier, iConception, i-San Miguel, iSan Rafael
- USao Joaquin (1747), uSan Estanislao (1747), uBelen (1760)
I-Brazil:
- I-Sao Miguel Arcanjo (das Missoes) (1687) , eduze kwedolobha laseSanto Angelo, "Ihlelwa yi-Unesco njengeSakhiwo seMhlaba, amathafa esonto laseSão Miguel yiyonaphawu oluyinhloko eBrazil yempucuko yezithunywa zevangeli. Eyakhelwe umpristi ongumJesuit kanye nomklami uJoão Batista Promoli, isonto liyisibonelo sezakhiwo ze-baroque zezithunywa zevangeli, eziphefumulelwe yimithetho ye-Renaissance esungulwe yiVignola esontweni laseGesu eRome. Isiqephu esikhulu kunazo zonke esakhiweni sezenkolo ezisezindlini zamaJesuit, sinezinsalela zezindonga, izingcezu, izindlu zangasese, ubuqhophozi kanye nensimbi yebell, futhi, njengendawo ebalulekile yefa lezwe, kuye kwagcinwa futhi kwabuyiselwa yi-Ministry of Culture. Eceleni kwayo yiM Museum of Missões, lapho izinto zobuciko nezakhiwo zakhiwo ziboniswa khona futhi kukhona ukuvuselelwa kokuhlala kanye nezindlu zaseNdiya ngomklami uLioio Costa. ".
- I-San Luis Gonzaga ne-Santo Angel Custodio Missions
- USanto Angelo (1706), uSao Francisco de Borja (1682), uSao Nicolau, uSao Luiz Gonzaga, uSao Lourenço Martir (1690), uSao Joao Batista (1697)
I-Uruguay:
- I-San Juan Bautista ngosuku lwamanje iColonia de Sacramento, eyasungulwe ngokuyinhloko yiPutukezi.
ukuze ufike kunoma yimiphi imishini, hlola izindiza ezivela endaweni yakho. Ungaphinde upheqa amahhotela kanye nokuqasha imoto.
Uke wavakashela ukuthunywa kwamaJesuit? Uma kunjalo, yabelana ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwakho ngokuthunyelwe esithangamini.
Buen viaje!