Lalela Funda Kudivayisi kuphela Kwengeziwe Buka Kufakiwe The Denkmal für die ermordeten Juden Europas (Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe) is one of the most monuments and controversial monuments of the Holocaust . Ephakathi maphakathi neBerlin phakathi kwePotsdamer Platz neSango laseBrandenburg , le ndawo ekhangayo ihlala emahektha angu-4.7. Zonke izinyathelo zokuthuthukiswa kwazo zilokhu ziphikisana - akuyona into engavamile eBerlin - nokho kuyinto ebalulekile ekuhambeni kweBerlin.
Umdwebi weSikhumbuzo SokuQothulwa Kwesizwe eBerlin
Umklami waseMelika uPeter Eisenmann wanqoba le phrojekthi ngo-1997 ngemuva komncintiswano wemincintiswano nokungavumelani ngalokho okwakungumklamo ofanelekile wesikhumbuzo esibalulekile. U-Eisenmann uthe:
Ubukhulu nobukhulu bokudabuka kokuQothulwa Kwesizwe kungukuthi noma yikuphi ukuzama ukumelela ngezindlela zendabuko kungenakwanele ... Isikhumbuzo sethu sizama ukuveza umqondo omusha wenkumbulo njengokungafani ne-nostalgia ... Singazi kuphela izinto ezedlule namuhla ngokusebenzisa ukubonakaliswa okwamanje.
Umklamo weSikhumbuzo se-Holocaust eBerlin
Isikhumbuzo esiyinhloko seSikhumbuzo SokuQothulwa Kwesizwe siyi "Field of Stelae", insimu engokoqobo yezinsika ezimbili ze-concrete ezihlelwe yi-geometrically. Ungangena nganoma yikuphi ukuhamba futhi uhambe endaweni engafanele, lapho ulahlekelwa khona indawo yabangane bakho nakulo lonke elaseBerlin. Amakholomu ahloniphekile, ahlukene ngobukhulu, aphakamise umuzwa odabukisayo ongawuthola kuphela uma wenza indlela yakho kuleli hlathi elimnyama lokhonkolo.
Idizayini yenzelwe ukuzwa okungekho emthethweni kokuzihlukanisa nokulahlekelwa - okufanelwe isikhumbuzo sokuQothulwa Kwesizwe.
Phakathi kwezinqumo eziphikisanayo kwakuwukuzikhethela ukusebenzisa umshini ongamelana nomdwebo. I-Eisenman yayikuphikisana nayo, kodwa kwakukhona ukukhathazeka okufanele ukuthi amaNazi-maNazi ayengeke aveze isikhumbuzo. Noma kunjalo, lokho akuyona lapho indaba iphela khona.
Ikhamphani yakwaDegussa eyabangela ukufaka isembozo yayihilelekile ekushushisweni kwamaJuda futhi - okubi nakakhulu - i-Degesch, eyayihambisana nayo, iveza uZyklon B (igesi elisetshenziselwa amagesi).
Ukuqhuba eSikhumbuzweni SokuQothulwa Kwesizwe eBerlin
Muva nje, kube nokuhlaziywa okuningi okuzungezile isikhumbuzo - ngalesi sikhathi ngokuphathelene nokuziphatha kwezivakashi. Le ndawo yesikhumbuzo kanti ngenkathi abantu bekhuthazwa ukuhlola yonke intshi yesayithi, ukuma ematje, ukugijima noma ukuhlukanisa jikelele kudikibala abalindi. Kuye kwabe sekukhona iphrojekthi yezingcweti ngumculi ongumJuda uShahak Shapira obizwa ngokuthi i-Yolocaust ehlazisa izivakashi ezingenandaba.
Imyuziyamu eSikhumbuzweni seHolocaust eBerlin
Ukubhekana nezikhalazo ukuthi lesi sikhumbuzo sasingenasidingo ngokwanele futhi sidinga ukuhlanganisa izindaba zamaJuda ayizigidi ezingu-6 ezithintekayo, isikhungo solwazi sangezwe ngaphansi kwetshe lesikhumbuzo. Thola ukungena emngceleni osempumalanga bese wehla ngaphansi kwensimu yezinsika (futhi uzilungiselele ukuvikeleka kwezitho zensimbi ezinezikhiya zezinto).
I-museum inikeza umbukiso wokuthuthumela kwamaNazi eYurophu ngamakamelo amaningi ehlanganisa izici ezahlukene zomlando. Inamagama onke amaJuda abulawa yizizwe, ezitholakala ku-Yad Vashem, zibikezelwe ezindongeni zegumbi kanti i-biography emfushane ifundwa ngezikhulumi zezwi.
Wonke amagama nomlando nazo zingasesha kwi-database ekugcineni kombukiso.
Wonke amathekisthi esikhungweni sembukiso asesiNgisi naseJalimane.
Ulwazi Lomvakashele eSikhumbuzweni SamaHolocaust eBerlin
Ikheli: Cora-Berliner-Straße 1, 10117 Berlin
Ifoni : 49 (0) 30 - 26 39 43 36
Iwebhusayithi : www.stiftung-denkmal.de/en/memorials/the-memorial-to-the-murdered-jews-of-europe
Ukufika eSikhumbuzweni SamaHolocaust: Metro Stop: "Potsdamer Platz" (umugqa U2, S1, S 2, S25)
Ukwamukelwa: Ukungena kukhululekile, kodwa iminikelo iyaziswa.
Amahora wokuvula: "I-Field of Stelae" ivuliwe ngaso sonke isikhathi. Imyuziyamu ivuliwe ngo-Ephreli - Septemba: 10: 00 kuya ku-20: 00; Okthoba - Mashi 10: 00 kuya ku-19: 00; ivaliwe ngoMsombuluko, ngaphandle kwamaholide omphakathi.
Ukuvakasha Okuqondiswayo: Ukuvakasha kwamahhala ngoMgqibelo ngo-15: 00 (isiNgisi) nangeSonto ngo-15: 00 (isiJalimane); 1.5 ubude besikhathi
Ezinye Izikhumbuzo ZokuQothulwa Kwesizwe eBerlin
Lapho isikhumbuzo sakhiwa, kwakukhona ukuphikisana ngakho kuphela ukumboza izisulu ezingamaJuda njengoba abantu abaningi babathinteka ukuQothulwa Kwesizwe.
Ezinye izikhumbuzo zenziwe ukukhumbula ukulahlekelwa kwazo:
- Isikhumbuzo Sabantu Abangqingili Abashushiswa Ngaphansi KweNazism - Ngaphandle komgwaqo, isakhiwo sibonisa umklamo omkhulu wokukhumbuza ngokugxila kubantu abaningi abathintekayo ngokobulili.
- ISikhumbuzo esiya eSinti naseRom Izisulu Zomphakathi Wezenhlalakahle - Isikhumbuzo esisha esisha kakhulu sokuQothulwa Kwesizwe sihlonipha abantu abangu-20 000 kuya ku-500 000 e-Porajmos.
- I-Stolpersteine - Izicabha, izigqoko zegolide ezinezindlela zomgwaqo lapho abantu baphoqelelwa khona ekhaya futhi bathunyelwe emakamu okuhlushwa. "Amatshe okukhubekisa" yisikhumbuzo esihlanganisa bonke abahlukunyezwe umbuso wamaNazi.
- I-Hitler's Bunker - Isayithi eliseduzane lezinsuku zokugcina zikaHitler lingaphezulu kokungabikho okuyisikhumbuzo. Kukhona ibhodi lemininingwane elula ephawula umlando.