Izikhumbuzo ZokuQothulwa Kwesizwe eJalimane

I-Germany inikezele izinsiza ezibalulekile ukuba zingalokothi zikhohlwe ukuQothulwa Kwesizwe. Kunezikhumbuzo ze-Holocaust, iminyuziyamu, kanye namakamu okuhlushwa afundiswa umphakathi futhi adumisa izigidi zezigameko.

Izivakashi eziningi eYurophu zizwa ziphoqelekile ukuvakashela lezi zingosi, futhi kufanele. UkuQothulwa Kwesizwe kungenye yezenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu zekhulu lama-20. Kodwa khumbula ukuthi izingosi zesikhumbuzo zinikeza ukubuka okungapheli okwenzekile lapha.

Ukuze uthole uhlu oluphelele lwazo zonke izikhumbuzo zokuQothulwa Kwesizwe saseYurophu (njengendawo engathandekayo ePoland eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Auschwitz), vakashela i-Information Portal emazweni aseYurophu okukhunjulwa.

• 01 kwezingu-10

  ISikhumbuzo EmaJuda Abulawe EYurophu

  Umklami uPeter Eisenmann wadala iSikhumbuzo saseBerlin kuya kumaJuda abulawe aseYurophu. Ngemuva komncintiswano wokuphikisana wokunquma umnqobi, akekho okhethiwe ngempela, kodwa ekugcineni umklamo we-Eisenmann waqala ukuma.

  It is located on 4.7-acre site phakathi kweBrandenburg Gate noPotsdamer Platz . Isici esiyinhloko sokwebunjwa yiyona "Field of Stelae" enezinsika ezingaphezu kuka-2 500 ze-geometrically ezihleliwe zekhonkolo. Ungangena ezinhlangothini ezine bese uhamba ensimini engafanele, ulahleke phakathi kwamakholomu ayanda kakhulu. Konke okwehlukile ngobukhulu, ukuzulazula kudlulisa umuzwa odabukisayo ongawuthola kuphela lapho wenza indlela yakho kuleli hlathi elimnyama lokhonkolo. Umnyuziyamu ongaphansi komhlaba unomthelela ongaphezu komuntu siqu njengamagama azo zonke izisulu eziziwayo zamaJuda, bese ukhetha izindaba zohambo lwabo.

  Ngaphesheya komgwaqo eTiergarten kukhona iSikhumbuzo esincane kuya kwabangqingili Abashushiswa Ngaphansi KweNazism, futhi beya eReichstag yiSikhumbuzo esanda kuvulelwa eSinti naseRom Victims of National Socialism. Okungaqondakali nakakhulu, ungathola futhi i-placard ekukhoneni lapho iBunker kaHitler yayimi khona eduze.

• 02 kwezingu-10

  Ikamu Lokucindezela Dachau

  Ikamu lokuhlushwa laseDachau, eliqhele ngamakhilomitha angu-10 enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeMunich , kwakungenye yekamu lokuqala lokuhlushwa eJalimane lamaNazi futhi lizoba yisibonelo kuzo zonke amakamu alandelayo e-Third Reich.

  Izivakashi endaweni yesikhumbuzo zilandela "indlela yeziboshwa," zihamba ngendlela efanayo iziboshwa zaphoqelelwa ukuba zifike ekamu. Uzobona amabhishi okuqala, izigodi, amagceke, kanye nendawo yokugcoba, kanye nombukiso omkhulu kanye nezikhumbuzo ezihlukahlukene.

• 03 ka-10

  Stolpersteine

  Ungase ungaboni lezi zikhumbuzo ezihamba ezungeze imizi yaseJalimane . U-Stolpersteine uhumusha ngokuqondile "itshe elikhubekisayo". Kunezinto eziningi ongayibona ezingeni leyeso, kulula ukulahlekelwa izintambo ezicashile, izingqwembe zegolide ezibekwe eceleni komgwaqo emnyango wezindawo eziningi zokuhlala, amabhizinisi, namanje izikhala ezingenalutho.

  Le phrojekthi yomculi waseJalimane u-Gunter Demnig ukhumbula izisulu zokuQothulwa Kwesizwe ngezikhumbuzo eziphakeme zethusi ezibheke ngamagama (noma amagama omndeni), usuku lokuzalwa, kanye nencazelo emfushane yokuphela kwayo. Ngokuvamile bathi " Ngesinye isikhathi " (lapha behlala), kodwa ngezinye izikhathi yilapho umuntu afundela khona, esebenza noma efundisa. Ukuphela kuvame ukufana, "i -ermermet " (ebulawa) nezindawo ezingathandekayo ze-Auschwitz, i- Dachau ...

• 04 kwezingu-10

  Inkampu Yokucindezela Sachsenhausen

  Emaminithi angaba ngu-30 enyakatho yeBerlin kukhona indawo engakhumbuza iSachsenhausen, ikamu lokuhlushwa e-Oranienburg. Ikamu lakhiwa ngo-1936, kwaze kwaba ngo-1945 abantu abangaphezu kuka-200 000 bavalelwe amaNazi lapha.

  I-Sachsenhausen yayinezindlela eziningi kwekamu elibaluleke kunazo zonke emakamu okuhlushwa eMbusweni Wesithathu: Kwakuyikamu lokuqala elakhiwa ngaphansi kukaHeinrich Himmler njengoMongameli wamaPhoyisa aseJalimane kanye nomdwebo walo wokwakha eyasetshenziswa njengesibonelo cishe wonke amakamu okuhlushwa eJalimane lamaNazi.

  Ngemva kokuba ikamu likhululwe ngo-Ephreli 22, 1945, ngamabutho aseSoviet nasePoland, amaSoviet asebenzisa indawo kanye nezakhiwo zalo njengenkampu yokuqashwa kweziboshwa zezombusazwe kusukela ekupheleni kuka-1945 kuya ku-1950.

  Ngo-1956, izinhlelo zaqala ukwakha ukuguqula ikamu ibe yisikhumbuzo sikazwelonke. Ivuliwe ngo-Ephreli 23, 1961, futhi manje ivulekile emphakathini njengamamyuziyamu kanye nesikhumbuzo.

• 05 ka-10

  Ikamu Lokuhlushwa iBuchenwald

  Abantu abangaphezu kuka-250 000 abavela emazweni angu-50 baboshwe ekamu langaphambili iBuchenwald, eduze kwedolobha laseWeimar .

  Isikhumbuzo sihlala embukisweni ohlukahlukene futhi ungabona izindawo zangaphambili zekamu, amangqamuzana okugqekeza kanye nokuboshwa, ama-watchtaking, indawo yokuqothula izidakamizwa, isikhungo se-disinfection, isiteshi sezitimela, iziteshi ze-SS, i-quarry namathuna. Kunezinyawo ezihambayo kuzo zonke izindawo, kufaka phakathi nemizila ethathwe yi-patrols yangaphambili.

• 06 kwangu-10

  I-Jewish Museum eBerlin

  I-Jewish Museum yaseBerlin akuyona nje imyuziyamu yokubhula-imidwebo yayo yemlando yemibukiso ethi "Millennium Two Yomlando WamaJalimane" futhi ilandisa imibhalo yobuJuda eJalimane kusukela e-Roman Times kuze kube namuhla.

  Kodwa izakhiwo ezakhayo zesakhiwo sikaDaniel Libeskind zenza ukuba imizwa yalabo abathunjiwe futhi ilahleke: Ukuma kweyamamyuziyamu kukukhumbuza iNkanyezi kaDavid ephahliwe, amafasitela angenangqamuzana anqunywe esakhiweni se-steel-clad, ama-angles angenangqondo, futhi "voids" welula ukuphakama okugcwele kwesakhiwo. Umbhoshongo wokuQothulwa Kwesizwe kanye nokufakwa kobuciko "Amahlamvu Awile" kukhona okunye okuhlangenwe nakho okuthinta futhi okuyingqayizivele.

• 07 kwangu-10

  Inkampu Yokucindezeleka Bergen Belsen

  Ngaphandle kwekamu lokufa e-Auschwitz, iBergen Belsen e-Lower Saxony yaba uphawu lwamazwe ngamazwe okwesabeka kokuQothulwa Kwesizwe. U-Anne Frank wabe eseboshiwe kuleli kamu futhi wabulawa nguTyphus ngoMashi ka-1945.

  Namuhla, izizathu zekamu langaphambili lokuhlushwa lingamathuna anezithombe ezihlukahlukene ezikhumbula labo abahlupheka futhi bafa eBergen Belsen. Kukhona futhi isikhungo seMadokhumenti esanda kuvulwa, esinezo zonke izincwadi, izithombe, namafilimu ehlola umlando wekamu.

• 08 kwezingu-10

  Ikamu Lokuhlushwa Neuengamme

  Ikamu lokuhlushwa le-Neuengamme, elahlala endaweni yangaphambili yezitini emaphethelweni aseHurbourg , kwakuyikamu elikhulu kunazo zonke eNyakatho yeJalimane, enamakamu angu-80 e-satellite phakathi kuka-1938 no-1945. NgoMeyi 2005, ngonyaka ka-60, inkululeko, isitifiketi esikhumbuzo esakhiwe kabusha, savula imidwebo eminingana ebhala umlando wesayithi futhi ukhumbule ukuhlupheka kwabantu abangaphezu kuka-100 000 ababoshiwe lapha. Izakhiwo ezingu-15 zenkampu yokuhlushwa emlandweni kule ndawo zigcinwe.

• 09 kwezingu-10

  Inkampu Yokucindezeleka Flossenbürg

  Ikamu lokuhlushwa i-Flossenbürg, elakhiwe ngo-1938, lisendaweni yase-Upper Palatinate eBavaria. UDietrich Bonhoeffer, umfundisi waseJalimane onethonya nomfundisi wezinkolo, uboshwe lapha futhi wafa izinsuku ezingu-23 ngaphambi kokuba u-Flossenbürg akhululwe ngo-Ephreli 1945. ISikhumbuzo sinikeza uhambo oluqondiswa ngesiNgisi, oluhlanganisa izingxenye zombukiso omlando "Ikampu Yokuxolisa I-Flossenbürg, ngo-1938-1945 . "

• 10 kwangu-10

  Indlu yenkomfa yaseWannsee

  Abavakashi bangama egumbini lapho "Isixazululo Sokugcina" (okusho ukuthi ukuQothulwa Kwesizwe) kuhlelwe khona. Manje isayithi lesikhumbuzo , iNdlu yeNgqungquthela yeWannsee yinye isimiso sokumiswa komlando sokuthi abantu bahlaziye izinyathelo ezithathwe ekuqothulweni okukhulu kwabantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-11.