Ukuzalwa komfula, i-rapids kanye namapaki kazwelonke
Uhlelo lomfula i-Orinoco lungenye yezinkulu eNingizimu Melika, ezivela emngceleni oseningizimu waseVenezuela naseBrazil, esifundazweni sase-Amazonas. Ubude obuqondile bomfula abukabiwe, ngokulinganisa phakathi kuka-1,500 kuya ku-1,700 wamamitha, okwenza kube phakathi kwemifula emikhulu yomfula emhlabeni jikelele.
Umfula wase-Orinoco umfula omkhulu, kulinganiselwa phakathi kuka-880,000 no-1,200,000 square km.
Igama elithi Orinoco lisuselwa kumagama eGuarauno okusho ukuthi "indawo yokuhlala" -iye, indawo ehamba ngezinyawo.
Igeleza entshonalanga, enyakatho enyakatho, idala umngcele neColombia, bese iphendukela empumalanga futhi ibheke iVenezuela endleleni eya e-Atlantic. Enyakatho ye-Orinoco yizintaba ezinkulu eziluhlaza okuthiwa i- llanos . Eseningizimu komfula cishe ingxenye yesifunda saseVenezuela. Izindawo ezinkulu zehlathi ezishisayo zihlanganisa ingxenye engeningizimu-ntshonalanga, futhi izingxenye ezinkulu zisenakufinyeleleka kalula. I-Guiana Highlands, eyaziwa nangokuthi iGuyana Shield, ihlanganisa okusele. I-Guyana Shield iqukethe i-pre-Cambriam rock, kuze kube ngu-2.5 billion ubudala ubudala, kanti ezinye zakudala kuleli zwekazi. Nansi i- tepuis , plateaux yamatshe ekhuphuka emhlabathini wehlathi. I- tepuis edume kakhulu yiRoraima no-Auyantepui, lapho i-Angel Falls ehla khona.
Imifula engaphezu kuka-200 yiziqhumane eziya e-Orinoco enamandla ehlanganisa amakhilomitha angu-1290 (2150 km) ukusuka emthonjeni kuya e-delta.
Ngenkathi yemvula, umfula ufinyelela ububanzi be-13 km (e-22 km) e-San Rafael de Barrancas futhi ububanzi obungama-330 ft (100 m). Amakhilomitha angu-1000 (1670 km) e-Orinoco ayahamba ngomkhumbi, futhi cishe angama-341 alawo angasetshenziswa ukuhamba ngemikhumbi emikhulu.
Umfula i-Orinoco uqukethe izindawo ezine.
Alto Orinoco
I-Orinoco iqala eDelgado Chalbaud entabeni, emfuleni ophakeme, omncane ngemifula futhi kunzima, ehlathini. Ukuwa okuphawulekayo kule ndawo, ngo-56 ft (17 m) yi-Salto Libertador. Ukuhamba, lapho kunokwenzeka khona kule ngxenye yomfula, kungokuhamba okungajulile, noma isikebhe. Emakhilomitha ayikhulu ukusuka emthonjeni, owokuqala, ugugu, ujoyina i-Orinoco. Ngaphezulu, ukwehla kuyancipha futhi izimpophoma zibe yi-rapids, okusheshayo futhi kunzima ukuhamba. Amakhilomitha angama-240 emgwaqeni ophansi, i-High Orinoco iphela ngama-rapids e-Guaharibos.
I-Amazonas iyindawo enkulu kunazo zonke eVenezuela, futhi iqukethe amapaki amabili kazwelonke amakhulu kakhulu, iParima Tapirapecó neSerranía de la Neblina, namapaki amancane nezikhumbuzo zemvelo, njengeCroro Autana, i- tepuy eningizimu yePuerto Ayacucho, okuyinto intaba engcwele yesizwe sasePiaroa abakholelwa ukuthi yindawo yokuzalwa yendawo yonke.
Leli lizwe lezwe lezizwe eziningi, okudume kakhulu yiYanomani, Piaroa kanye neGugubobo. I-Puerto Ayacucho, enesiphephelo sezindiza nezindiza eziphuma naseCaracas nakwamanye amadolobha amancane, kuyindlela enkulu eya embusweni. Kunezindawo zokuvakasha nezokuhweba. Ukuhlala, okubizwa ngokuthi amakamu, kunikeza amazinga ahlukene okududuza.
Inkampu eyaziwa kakhulu yiYutajé Camp, eManapiare Valley empumalanga yePuerto Ayacucho. It has apirip yayo siqu futhi angakwazi ukuhlala kubantu abangamashumi amathathu.
Ukuhamba kwezimoto nokuphuma kusemfuleni nasemoyeni, kepha imigwaqo yakhiwa futhi igcinwe, ikakhulukazi eya eSamariapo, ephakeme ngaphezu kwe-rapids. Thatha le Tour Virtual for river and landscapes kusuka e-Amazonas.
I-Orinoco Medio
Emakhilomitha angaba ngu-750 ukusuka ku-Guaharibos rapids kuya kuma-Atures rapids, i-Orinoco igijima entshonalanga kuze kufike umfula iMavaca futhi amanzi aphendukela enyakatho. Amanye ama-tributary afana ne-Ocamo ajoyina futhi umfula ukhula kuze kube ngu-1320 ft (500 m) kanye nezidalwa ezinesihlabathi ezakha iziqhingi ezincane emfuleni. Imifula i-Casiquiare ne-Esmeralda iphuma e-Orinoco ukuze ijoyine enye ukuze yenze iRio Negro ekugcineni ifinyelele e-Amazon.
Umfula i-Cunucunuma ujoyina, kanye ne-Orinoco veers enyakatho-ntshonalanga, emngceleni weGuanese Shield. Umfula we-Ventuari uletha isihlabathi esanele sokwakha amabhishi eSan Fernando de Atabapo. Lapho i-Atabapo, i-Guaviare ne-Irínida imifula ihlanganisa ukugeleza, i-Orinoco ikhula cishe ngo-5000 ft (1500 m).
Iningi labantu base-Venezuela elihlala emadolobheni lihlala emgodini wase-Orinoco. Amaqembu omdabu abaluleke kunazo zonke ahlanganisa iGuica (Waica), eyaziwa nangokuthi iGuhariharibo, neMaquiritare (Makiritare) yasenyakatho, i-Warrau (Warao) esifundeni se-delta, neGuhihibo ne-Yaruro entshonalanga yeLlanos. Lezi zizwe zihlala ebuhlotsheni obuseduze nemifula yomfula, ziwasebenzisa njengomthombo wokudla kanye nezinhloso zokuxhumana. (I-Encyclopedia Britannica)
Amakhompiyutha amaningi ageleza, aphuthumayo ukugeleza kwamanzi nokudala iqoqo elisha lama-rapids anamandla eMaipures and Atures ukusuka ePuerto Ayacucho.
Le yindawo kuphela lapho i-Orinoco ingekho khona.
Bajo Orinoco
Ukwandisa ukusuka e-Atures rapids kuya ePiacoa, lokhu ku-570 km (950 km) yamukela iningi leminye imifula. Lapho i-Meta ijoyina khona, umfula uphendukela enyakatho-ntshonalanga, kanye nemifula yeCinacuro, Capanaparo ne-Apure, iphenduka empumalanga. I-Manzanares, i-Iguana, i-Suata, i-Pao, iCaris, i-Caroní, iParagua, i-Carrao, i-Caura, i-Aro ne-Cuchivero imifula ingeza inqwaba ye-Orinoco.
Umfula lapha ububanzi futhi uhamba kancane.
Lesi sigaba se-Orinoco sithuthukisiwe futhi sinabantu abaningi. Njengoba amafutha ahlasela phakathi nekhulu lama-20, ukukhiqizwa kwezezimboni, ukuhweba kanye nomphakathi sekukhulile. I-Ciudad Bolívar neCiudad Guayana sebeye yaba imizi ebalulekile, eyakhelwe phezulu ngokwanele emanzini omfula ukuvimbela izikhukhula.
Phakathi kweziqhingi emfuleni eCiudad Bolívar ngu-Alexander von Humboldt ogama lakhe lingu- Orinocómetro . Isebenza njengethuluzi lokulinganisa ukwenyuka nokuwa komfula. Azikho izinkathi zangempela e-Orinoco, kodwa isikhathi semvula sibhekwa njengobusika. Iqala ngo-Ephreli futhi iphela ngo-Okthoba noma ngoNovemba. Izikhukhula ezivuleka emvula ezivela eziqhingini ziphethe ukungcola kanye namatshe nezinye izinto ezivela eziqhingini kuya e-Orinoco. Ayikwazi ukubhekana nalokhu okudlulele, umfula ukhuphuka futhi ukhukhula i- llanos nezindawo ezungezile. Isikhathi samanzi esiphezulu sivame ngoJulayi, lapho izinga lamanzi e-Ciudad Bolívar lingahamba ukusuka ku-40 kuya ku-165 ububanzi. Amanzi aqala ukubuyela emuva ngo-Agasti, futhi ngoNovemba futhi abuyele endaweni ephansi.
Eyasungulwa ngo-1961, iCiudad Guayana, ezansi ngaphansi kweCiudad Bolívar, ikhiqiza insimbi, i-aluminium kanye nephepha, ngenxa yamandla akhiwa ngamadamu eMacagua naseGuri eMfuleni iKaroní.
Njengoba ikhula edolobheni laseVenezuela elikhula ngokushesha, lihamba phezu komfula futhi lifaka umzana weshumi nesithupha weSan Félix ngakolunye uhlangothi nomuzi omusha wasePuerto Ordaz ngakolunye uhlangothi. Kukhona umgwaqo omkhulu omkhulu phakathi kweCaracas neCiudad Guayana, kodwa izidingo eziningi zokuthutha zendawo zisekhona yi-Orinoco.
Le Tour Virtual ikunika umqondo kokubili umfula kanye nokukhula ezimbonini esifundeni Bolívar.
I-Delta del Orinoco
Isifunda se-delta sihlanganisa iBarrancas nePiacoa. Ugu lolwandle lwase-Atlantic lubeka isisekelo salo, ngamamitha angu-275 ubude phakathi kwePedernales neGulf of Pariah ngasenyakatho, kanti iPunta Barima ne-Amacuro eningizimu, okwamanje iyanda ngamakhilomitha angu-30 000 sq km, isakhula usayizi. Ukuhamba ngokweqile ngosayizi nokujula yiMacareo, Sacupana, Araguao, Tucupita, Pedernales, iziteshi zeCocuima kanye negatsha loMfula iGrande.
I-delta ye-Orinoco iguqula njalo njengoba umfula uletha izidumbu ukudala nokwandisa iziqhingi, ukushintsha iziteshi kanye namanzi okubizwa ngokuthi ama- caños . Kuqhubekela phambili olwandle olwandle lwase-Atlantic, kodwa njengoba isilwane siqoqa futhi sisakazeka ngaphandle, isisindo sawo senza ukugoba okubuye kuguqulwe isimo se-delta. Ukudwengula kugcina iziteshi ezivulekile ezivulekile ukuhamba, kodwa eziteshini zangemuva, lapho ama-mangrove nezimila ziqhwa,
I-Tortola, i-Isla de Tigre ne-Mata-Mata yizinye zeziqhingi ezaziwa kangcono ze-delta.
I-delta del Orinoco (i-Mariusa) e-delta ihlanganisa amahektha angu-331000 amahlathi, amaxhaphozi, ama-mangroves, ama-flora nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezilwane. Yindlu ye-Warao isizwe esiqhubeka nokuphila kwayo yendabuko yabazingeli / abadobi. I-delta lapha ijwayele ukuthatha isenzo esibi kakhulu. Lapha futhi kukhona i-cueva del Guácharo, umhume ophethwe yi-petroglyphys wangaphambi kokutholwa u-Humboldt njengoba ehlola indawo.
Amakamu nezindawo zokulala ezikuleli ndawo zinikeza izivakashi ithuba lokuhlola ama-cañas ngesikebhe esincane, izinhlanzi, zijabulela imifino yenkomo futhi iyahamba.