Indlela Nokuthi Kungani Umzila We-Silk Wavulwa E-China Yasekuqaleni
Ngifuna ukuqaphela ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko ukuthi umthombo walolu lwazi nguPeter Hopkirk omuhle kakhulu we- Devils we-Foreign Silk Road ochaza imininingwane yomlando weSilk Road kanye nokuvuleka kwezindawo zokungcwaba (kanye nokuphangwa kwezinto zakudala) emigwaqweni yokuhweba yasendulo yabahloli bamazwe aseNtshonalanga yekhulu lama-20. Ngiye ngashintsha abantu futhi ngifaka amagama kumanje okwamukelwe ukuhanjiswa (Hanyu Pinyin).
Isingeniso
Ngifuna nokuchaza ukuthi kungani kubalulekile izivakashi eChina, ikakhulukazi entshonalanga - izifunda ezivela eSifundazweni saseShaanxi kuya esifundazweni sase-Xinjiang, ukuqonda le ndaba. Noma ubani ohamba ngasentshonalanga yeChina ngokungangabazeki uqobo noma ingxenye, ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile, kuhambo lwe-Silk Road. Zitholele wena e-Xi'an futhi umile enhloko-dolobha yasendulo yaseChangan, umuzi wenhloko yesizinda sikaH Han abanikazi bayo abangela ukuvulwa kwemigwaqo yasendulo yokuhweba kanye nomuzi ku-Tang Dynasty " "ukuhweba, ukuhamba kanye nokushintshaniswa kwesiko nemibono kwaqhamuka. Ukuya emaphandleni aseMalao yasendulo eDunhuang futhi uhlola idolobha lase-oasis lasendulo elalinomsebenzi wokuhweba kuphela kodwa nomphakathi waseBuddha okhulayo. Hamba ngisho nangasentshonalanga kusuka eDunhuang futhi uzodlula i- Yumenguan (玉门关), i-Jade Gate, isango wonke umhambi waseSilk Road wasendulo kudingeka adlule ngendlela yakhe entshonalanga noma empumalanga .
Ukuqonda umlando wendlela ye-Silk kuyingxenye ekujabuleleni ukuhamba kwanamuhla. Kungani konke lokhu lapha? Kwaba njani? Iqala ngoHan Dynasy Emperor Wudi kanye nomthunywa wakhe uZhang Qian.
Izinkinga ze-Han Dynasty
Ngesikhathi seDani likaHan, izitha zalo zaziyizinhlanga ze-Xiongnu ezihlala enyakatho yeHan enenhloko-dolobha yayinguCangan (okwamanje i-Xi'an).
Bahlala kulokho okuyiMongolia futhi baqala ukuhlasela amaShayina ngesikhathi seMpi Yezizwe (476-206BC) okwenza umbusi wokuqala u-Qin Huangdi (weTerracotta Warrior Fame) aqale ukuhlanganiswa kwalokho manje eyiGreat Great. I-Han yaqhubeka iqinisa futhi yandisa lolu donga.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi eminye imithombo ithi i-Xiongnu icatshangwa ukuthi yilabo abandulela amaHuns - ama-rascals aseYurophu-kodwa akusho ukuthi ayinqabile. Kodwa-ke, umhlahlandlela wethu wendawo eLanzhou wakhuluma nge-uxhumano futhi wabiza ngokuthi i-Xiongnu "Hun People" yasendulo.
I-Wudi ifuna ukusebenzisana
Ukuqeda ukuhlaselwa, u-Emperor Wudi wathumela uZhang Qian ngasentshonalanga ukuba afune ukusebenzisana nabantu abahlukunyezwa yi-Xiongnu futhi baxoshwa ngaphandle kweDangla laseTatlamakan. Laba bantu babizwa ngokuthi yiYuezhi.
I-Zhang Qian yahamba ngo-138BC ngendoda yamadoda angu-100 kodwa yathathwa yi-Xiongnu ngo-Gansu wanamuhla futhi yabanjwa iminyaka eyishumi. Ekugcineni wabalekela emadodeni ambalwa waya endaweni yaseYuezhi kuphela ukuba ahlehliswe njengoba uJuezhi ehlezi ngokujabula futhi engafuni ukuba yingxenye yokuziphindiselela e-Xiongnu.
UZhang Qian wabuyela kuWudi nomunye wabangane bakhe bangama-100 kodwa wayehlonishwa yi-emperor nenkantolo ngenxa yokuthi 1) ubuyela, 2) ukuhlakanipha komhlaba ayekubuthele futhi 3) izipho abuyisela emuva (wathengisa isilikhi kwabanye abaseParthi Ngakho-ke iqanda lezinkuni liqala ukuqothula kwesilika eRoma futhi "lijabulisa inkantolo" ngeqanda elinjalo !!)
Imiphumela yeqoqo le-Intelligence Intelligence
Ngendlela yokuhamba kwakhe, uZhang Qian wazisa iChina ukuba khona kweminye imibuso eya entshonalanga ayeyiyo kuze kube yilapho engazi. Lezi zihlanganisa uMbuso kaFergana ozowasebenzisana namahhashi uHan China futhi ekugcineni aphumelele ukuthola iSamarkand, iBokhara, iBalkh, iPheresiya neLi-Jian (iRoma).
UZhang Qian wabuyela emuva etshela "amahhashi asezulwini" kaFergana. Wudi, ukuqonda inzuzo yezempi yokuba nezilwane ezinjalo ngamabutho akhe amahhashi athumele amaqembu amaningana kuFergana ukuthenga / ukuthatha amahhashi eChina.
Ukubaluleka okwedlulele kwehhashi kwahlangana phakathi kobuciko beHan Dynasty njengoba kungabonwa kuFlying Horse of Gansu izithombe (manje ziboniswa eMyuziyamu wesiFundazwe saseGansu ).
Umzila weSilk Uvula
Kusukela esikhathini sikaWudi phambili, imigwaqo yaseShayina ehlonishwayo futhi evikelwe emasimini asentshonalanga ukudayisa izinto ngemibuso entshonalanga.
Konke ukuhweba kudabula i-Han-eyakhiwe i-Yumenguan (玉门关), noma iJade Gate. Bafaka amagoli emadolobheni angaphandle kanye nezinqola zamakamela nabathengisi baqala ukuthatha isilikhi, izitshalo ze-ceramics, nama-furs entshonalanga ngaphesheya kweDangla laseTatlamakan futhi ekugcineni eYurophu ngenkathi igolide, uboya, ilineni namatshe ayigugu behamba empumalanga kuya eChina. Ngokungangabazeki ukuthi enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu zokungenisa izinto ezizovela eSilk Road kwakuyiBuddha njengoba isakazwa ngeChina ngale ndlela ebalulekile.
Kwakungekho umgwaqo owodwa weSilk - le nkulumo ibhekisela emigwaqweni eminingi elandela amadolobha ase-oasis nama-caravansary ngaphesheya kweSango leJade bese enyakatho naseningizimu ngaseTaglamakan. Kwakukhona imigwaqo ye-offshoot eyathatha ukudayisa eBhalkh (namuhla e-Afghanistan) kanye naseBombay ngokusebenzisa iKarakoram Pass.
Eminyakeni engaba ngu-1 500 eyalandela, kwaze kwaba yilapho abaphathi bamaMing bevale konke ukuxhumana nabangaphandle, iSilk Road yayiyobona ikhuphuka futhi ibaluleke kakhulu njengoba amandla aseShayina agxilile futhi anqanyulwa futhi amandla angasentshonalanga yaseChina athola noma anike amandla ngamandla. Ngokuvamile kucatshangwa ukuthi i-Tang Dynasty (618-907AD) yabona ubudala begolide nolwazi lokuhwebelana ngeSilk Road.
I-Zhang Qian ithathwa yiNkantolo eNkulu njenge-The Great Traveler futhi ingabizwa ngokuthi uBaba weSilk Road.