3 Izindawo ezingcwele zaseBuddhist nezokuvakasha

01 ngo-04

Sibutsetelo samaSayithi e-Buddhist ku-Odisha

Ungathethelelwa ngokungazi ngezindawo ezingcwele zamaBuddha e-Orissa (Odisha). Ngemuva kwalokho, zivele zakhiwe nje futhi ziningi kakhulu ezingabonakali. Noma kunjalo, izindawo ezingaphezu kuka-200 zamaBuddha, ezahlakazeka ngaphesheya kobude nobubanzi bobuso, zavezwa yilezi zici zakudala. Bakhombisa ukuvezwa kobuBuddha e-Odisha kusukela ekhulwini le-6 BC ukuya okungenani ngekhulu le-15 leminyaka le-16 AD, ngekhulu lesishiyagalombili lamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye (10th) leminyaka ngenkathi iphumelela ngempela. Izimfundiso zobuBuddha ezivela kuzo zonke izinhlangano (kuhlanganise neHinayana, Mahayana, Tantayana kanye nama-offshoots afana neVajrayana, Kalacakrayana naseSajjayana) bakholelwa ukuthi zenziwa e-Odisha, enikeza uhulumeni ifa leBuddhist elicebile.

Amathuna amakhulu eBuddhist angatholakala ezindaweni ezintathu - Ratnagiri, Udayagiri, neLalitagiri - okuthiwa yi "Diamond Triangle". Lezi zindawo ziqukethe uchungechunge lwezindela, amathempeli, amathempeli, ama-stupas, nezithombe ezinhle zamaBuddha. Indawo yabo yasemaphandleni, emagqumeni avundile kanye nemasimini e-paddy, ayomabili futhi abe nokuthula.

I-Odisha Tourism iye yachitha iminyaka embalwa edlule yenza izindawo zokuvakasha ezizungezile lezi zindawo ezibalulekile zamaBuddha, manje manje enye yezindawo zokuvakasha eziphezulu zokuvakashela ku-Odisha.

Indlela Yokuvakashela Izindawo Ezibalulekile ZamaBuddhist?

I-Odisha "I-Diamond Triangle" yezindawo ezingamaBuddhist (Ratnagiri, Udayagiri, neLalitagiri) itholakala emagqumeni ase-Assia, cishe amahora amabili ehamba enyakatho yeBhubaneshwar. Isikhumulo sezindiza esiseduze seBhubaneshwar kanti isiteshi sesitimela esiseduze saseCuttack.

I- Mahaparinirvan Express Buddhist Tourist Train yase-Indian yaqala ukufaka amasayithi e-Odisha amaBuddhist ngenkathi ehamba ngayo, nakuba lokhu kushonile ngenxa yokuntuleka kokukhuthazwa. Ukuhamba nge-Swosti yiyona enkulu kunazo zonke zezinsizakalo zokuhamba e-Odisha futhi ingazinakekela zonke izinhlelo, kuhlanganise nokuqasha imoto.

Labo abafisa ukuvakashela amasayithi ngokuzimela bangahlala ehhotela laseToshali e-Ratnagiri (evuliwe ngo-Ephreli 2013). Ikulungele ngokubhekene ne-Archeological Museum futhi isondelene kakhulu nezikhangiso zeBuddhist. I-Udayagiri ingaphansi kwamakhilomitha angu-10 ukusuka ku-Ratnagiri, kuyilapho uLalitagiri ingaba amakhilomitha angaba ngu-20.

Ngcono Kanjani Ukuvakashelwa?

Izinyanga ezomile ezipholile kusukela ngo-Okthoba kuya ku-Mashi zihamba kahle kakhulu. Uma kungenjalo, isimo sezulu sishisa ngokungapheli ngo-Ephreli noMeyi ngaphambi kokuqala kwemvula.

Funda ukuze uthole okuningi mayelana nezingosi ezintathu ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-Buddhist ze-Odisha.

02 ka 04

I-Ratnagiri

I-Ratnagiri, "Hill of Jewels", inezindawo ezibhuqiwe kakhulu eBuddhist e-Odisha futhi ibaluleke kakhulu njengesayithi lamaBuddha - zombili izifanekiso zalo ezinhle kakhulu futhi njengesizinda semfundiso yobuBuddha. Enye yeyunivesithi yokuqala yaseBuddhist emhlabeni, ephikisana nomuntu owaziwa eNalanda (esifundeni saseBihar), kucatshangwa ukuthi itholakale ku-Ratnagiri.

Isayithi lamaBuddha e Ratnagiri libuyela emuva ngekhulu le-6 AD. Kubonakala sengathi ubuBuddha bukhula bukhuni lapho kuze kube yi-12 leminyaka AD. Ekuqaleni, kwakuyisikhungo se-Mahayana Buddhist. Phakathi nekhulu le-8 nele-9 AD, yaba isikhungo esibalulekile seTantic Buddhism. Kamuva, wadlala indima ephawulekayo ekuveleni kweKalachakra Tantra.

I-Ratnagiri site yafunyanwa ngo-1905. Ukucwaningwa okwakuphakathi kuka-1958 kuya ku-1961 kwembula isicupho esikhulu, amasonto amabili, ama-shrines, ama-stupas amaningi (ama-excavations aphindwe ngamakhulu ayisikhombisa!), Inani elikhulu le-terracotta nelitshe izithombe, izingcezu zokwakha, nama-antiquities amaningi aseBuddhist kuhlanganise nezinto zethusi, zethusi nezethusi (ezinye ezinemifanekiso kaBuddha).

I-monastery eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Monastery 1, eyakhiwe ngekhulu lesishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalolunye ne-9, i-monastery enkulu kunazo zonke ezibiwe ku-Odisha. Isango layo elihlaza eliqoshwe ngokucacile liholela kumangqamuzana angama-24 ezitini. Kukhona nesithombe esihleliwe saseBuddha, esinePadmapani noVajrapani, e-central sanctum.

Izithombe ezinkulu zamatje zekhanda likaNkosi uBuddha e-Ratnagiri ziyamangalisa kakhulu. Amakhanda angaphezu kwayishumi nambili ngobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, abonisa ngokumangalisayo ukubonakaliswa okucatshangayo kweBuddha, atholakala ngesikhathi sokumba. Babhekwa njengemisebenzi emihle yobuciko.

Izithombe eziningi zamatje nazo zisusiwe esakhiweni futhi manje ziboniswa emagcekeni amane e-Archeological Museum e-Ratnagiri. Ivulekile nsuku zonke kusukela ngo-10 ekuseni kuya ku-5: 00, ngaphandle kweLwesihlanu.

03 ka 04

Udayagiri

Udayagiri, "i-Sunrise Hill", ihlala kwenye indawo enkulu e-Buddhist e-Odisha. Iqukethe insimbi yezitini, izindlu ezimbili zezitini, kahle ngamatshe abhalwe phansi, kanye nemidwebo eminingi yamaBuddha.

Isayithi le-Udayagiri lihlelwe emuva kwekhulu le-13 le-13 AD. Nakuba kutholakala ngo-1870, ukuthungwa akuzange kuqale kuze kube ngo-1985. Baye baqalwa ngezigaba ezimbili ezindaweni ezimbili ezihlukene ngamamitha angaba ngu-200-Udayagiri 1 kusukela ngo-1985 kuya ku-1989, no-Udayagiri 2 kusukela ngo-1997 kuya ku-2003. ukuthi izindawo zokuhlala zazibizwa ngokuthi "Madhavapura Mahavihara" no "Simhaprastha Mahavihara", ngenhlonipho.

I-stupa e-Udayagiri 1 inezithombe ezine zamatshe eziseNkosini Buddha, ezifakwe futhi zibhekene nokuqondisa ngalunye. I-monastery nayo ihlaba umxhwele, enezinhlamvu ezingu-18 nekamelo lokugcoba elinomcabango ohlotshisiwe wokuhlobisa. Ukuthungwa kwavula izithombe eziningi zobuBuddhist nezithombe zamatje ezinkulunkulu bamaBuddha.

E-Udayagiri 2, kunesakhiwo esikhulu sezindlovu esinamashekeli angu-13 nesithombe esiphezulu seBuddha, ohlezi e- bhumisparsa mudra . Ama-arches ayo agcwele ama-architecture avela ngekhulu lesi-8 ne-9 AD. Okuyingqayizivele ngalesi sikhungo sezindela kuyindlela ejikeleze indlu yayo, engatholakali kunoma yiziphi ezinye izindawo zokuhlala ze-monastic e-Odisha.

Okunye okuhehayo e-Udayagiri kuyimifanekiso yezithombe zamadwala aseBuddhist, ebheka umfula iBirupa (endaweni eyaziwa ngokuthi iSopupuamaa) ngezansi. Kunezithombe ezinhlanu ezihlanganisa ubukhulu bomzimba obomile iBoddhisattva, uBuddha omiyo, unkulunkulukazi ohlezi phezu kwe-stupa, omunye omile eBoddhisattva, neBoddhisattva ehlezi.

Isayithi le-Udayagiri lithembisa ingcebo eyengeziwe, njengoba kusekhona okunye okuzocubungula.

04 ka 04

Lalitagiri

Amanxiwa aseLalitagiri, ngenkathi engeke afane kakhulu nalawo ase Ratnagiri nase-Udayagiri, ngokuyinhloko avela ku-Old Buddhist yokuhlala e-Odisha. Ukuthungwa okukhulu okwenziwe kusukela ngo-1985 kuya ku-1992 kutholakala ubufakazi bokuthi uhlala ngokugcwele kusukela ekhulwini lesibili leminyaka BC kuya kwekhulu le-13 AD.

Lezi zifuyo zathola i-stupa, i-chaitya hall ye-apsidal noma i- chaityagriha , izindlu ezine zezindela, nezithombe eziningi zamatshe zakwaBuddha namaBuddhist.

Ngokungangabazeki, ukutholakala okuthakazelisayo kunazo zonke kwakuyi-caskets amathathu (amabili aqukethe izingcezu ezincane ze-charred bone) ngaphakathi kwe-stupa eLalitgiri. Izincwadi zobuBuddha zithi emva kokufa kukaBuddha, izinsalela zakhe zanikezwa phakathi kwabafundi bakhe ukuba babekwe ngaphakathi kwezintambo. Ngakho-ke, izinsalela zicatshangwa ukuba zingabakaBuddha ngokwakhe, noma omunye wabafundi bakhe abavelele. Uhulumeni wase-Odisha uhlose ukukhombisa amakhakheni e-relic emnyuziyamu eLalitagiri esikhathini esizayo.

Ihholo le-chaitya elibhekene ne-apsidal elifunyenwe eLalitagiri nalo liyilokuqala kulolu hlobo kumongo wamaBuddha e-Odisha (iJain eyodwa itholwe kwenye indawo ngaphambili). Leli hholo lomkhuleko lombuthano linomphela wokuphela kwesiyingi futhi liqukethe i-stupa esikhungweni, nakuba lonakaliswe kakhulu. Ukubhalwa kubonisa isakhiwo kuya emakhulwini amabili-3 e-AD.

Izithombe eziningi zaseBuddhist ezitholakala ngesikhathi sokumba zihlala endaweni esetshenzisiwe eduze kwezindela. Kodwa-ke, ngokusobala, bakha ngaphansi kuka-50% wezingcebo zangempela zesayithi. Abanye baye balahleka ngokudabukisayo, kanti abanye baye bashintshwa emamyuziyamu kwenye indawo.