Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuze kube namuhla
Impucuko yamaMaya yayiyinye yemiphakathi emikhulu yokuthuthukisa eMesoamerica yasendulo. Kuyaziwa ngokubhala kwayo, ama-numerals kanye nekhalenda, kanye nobuciko balo obuhle kakhulu. Isiko samaMaya sihlala ezindaweni ezifanayo lapho impucuko yayo iqala khona, engxenyeni eseningizimu yeMexico kanye nengxenye yeCentral America, futhi kunezigidi zabantu abakhuluma izilimi zamaMeya (okuyizinto eziningana).
AmaMaya aseMandulo
AmaMaya ahlala endaweni enkulu eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeMexico nasezweni laseCentral America laseGuatemala, eBelize, eHonduras nase-El Salvador. Isiko samaMeya saqala ukukhula esikhathini sokuqala se-Classic, cishe ngo-1000 BCE. futhi yayisemuva phakathi kuka-300 no-900 CE. AmaMaya asendulo ayaziwa ngokubhala kwawo, okuyingxenye enkulu engakwazi ukuyifunda manje (kwakuyingxenye enkulu eyaphenduliwe engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20), kanye nezibalo zabo eziphambili, izibalo zezinkanyezi nezikhathi ze-calendrical.
Naphezu kokwabelana ngomlando ovamile kanye nemikhuba ethile yamasiko, isiko lamaMaya lasendulo lalihluke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezimo zezindawo kanye nemvelo lapho kuthuthukiswa khona.
Buka imephu yendawo yamaMaya.
Ukubhala KwamaMaya
AmaMaya ahlela uhlelo lokubhala olunembile olwalucacile ikakhulukazi ngawo-1980. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, abavubukuli abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ukubhala kwamaMaya kwakubhekana ngokucophelela ngezingqungquthela zezinkanyezi nezinkanyezi, ezihambisana nomqondo wokuthi iMeya yayinokuthula, i-stargazers.
Lapho ama-glyphs aseMeya ekugcineni ehlelwa ngokucacile kwacaca ukuthi amaMaya abe nesithakazelo ezindabeni zasemhlabeni njengeminye imiphakathi yaseMesoamerican .
Izibalo, Ikhalenda ne-Astronomy
AmaMaya aseMandulo asebenzisa uhlelo lwezinombolo ezisuselwa kumatshwayo amathathu kuphela: ichashaza elilodwa, ibha yezinhlanu kanye negobolondo elimelela i-zero.
Besebenzisa ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo zendawo nendawo, bakwazi ukubhala izinombolo ezinkulu futhi benze imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi yezibalo. Baphinde bahlela uhlelo lwekhalenda eliyingqayizivele abakwazanga ukubala umjikelezo wenyanga kanye nokubikezela ukuphela kwesinye isikhathi nezinye izenzakalo zasezulwini ngokucacile okukhulu.
Inkolo Nezinganekwane
AmaMaya aye nenkolo eyinkimbinkimbi enomkhulu omkhulu onkulunkulu. Emibonweni yezwe yaseMeyi, indiza esiphila kuyo iyizinga elilodwa lendawo yonke enezakhi eziningi ezakhiwe ngamazulu angu-13 kanye nama-underworlds ayisishiyagalolunye. Ngayinye yalezi zindiza ibuswa unkulunkulu othize futhi uhlala ngabanye. U-Hunab Ku wayengunkulunkulu womdali nabanye onkulunkulu abahlukahlukene babephethe amabutho emvelo, njenge-Chac, unkulunkulu wezulu.
Ababusi bamaMeya babecatshangwa ukuthi bangabakaNkulunkulu futhi balandele izizukulwane zabo emuva ukufakazela ukuzala kwabo konkulunkulu. Imikhosi yenkolo yamaMaya yayihlanganisa umdlalo webhola, umhlatshelo wabantu kanye nemikhosi yokuchitha igazi lapho izicukuthwane zahlaba khona izilimi zabo noma izitho zangasese zokuchitha igazi njengomnikelo onkulunkulu.
Izindawo ezivubukulayo
Ukufika emadolobheni amahle alahliwe ahlanganiswe izimila phakathi kwehlathi, kwenza abakwa-archaeologists bokuqala nabahloli bamazwe bazibuza ukuthi ubani owakhiwe la mizi emangalisayo nje kuphela ukuba abashiye?
Abanye bacabanga ukuthi amaRoma noma amaFenike ayebhekene nalezi zakhi ezinhle kakhulu; kusukela ekubambeni kwabo ngokobuhlanga, kwakunzima ukukholelwa ukuthi abantu baseMexico naseCentral America bangabangela ubunjiniyela obunjiniyela, izakhiwo kanye nobuciko.
Funda mayelana nezindawo zokuvubukula ze-Peninsula yaseYucatan .
The Collapse of the Maya Impucuko
Kukhona namacabango amaningi mayelana nokuncipha kwemizi yasendulo yamaMaya. Kunezinkolelo eziningi eziye zafakwa phambili, kusukela ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo (isifo, ukuzamazama komhlaba, isomiso) empini. Abacwaningi be-archaeologists namuhla bakholelwa ukuthi inhlanganisela yezinto eziletha ukuwa kombuso wamaMaya, okungenzeka walethwa yisomiso esinzima nokuqothulwa kwamahlathi.
Amasiko wamaMaya wanamuhla
AmaMaya awazange abe khona lapho amadolobha abo asendulo ayehla.
Bahlala namuhla ezindaweni ezifanayo okhokho babo abahlala kuzo. Nakuba isiko labo selishintshile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iMeya eminingi igcina ulimi lwabo namasiko. Kunezilimi ezingaphezu kuka-750,000 zezilimi zamaMeya ezihlala eMexico namuhla (ngokusho kwe-INEGI) nokuningi okuningi eGuatemala, eHonduras nase-El Salvador. Inkolo yanamuhla yamaMaya iyinhlangano yama-Catholicism nezinkolelo zasendulo nezinkolelo zasendulo. Amanye amaLaya aseLacandon ahlala ngendlela yendabuko enhlathini yaseLacandon yesifunda saseChiapas .
Funda kabanzi mayelana namaMaya
UMichael D. Coe ubhale izincwadi ezithakazelisayo mayelana namaMaya uma ungathanda ukufunda okwengeziwe ngalesi siko esimangalisayo.
- AmaMaya anikezela ngokuningiliziwe ukuthuthukiswa kwempucuko yaseMeya kusukela ezikhathini zokuqala.
- Ukuphula i-Maya Code kunikeza umbono wangaphakathi ekufundeni kokubhala kwamaMaya nokuthi ekugcineni kwaqedwa kanjani.