Cross Cross, Umbhalo Cross, Celtic Cross - Izinguquko on isihloko
I-Cross Crosses yase-Ireland - yonke indawo ibonakala. Noma kunjalo nabo bangumthombo wokudideka okukhulu. Noma, abaningi abavakashelezi kanye nabo bonke izinto zase-Ireland bangakutshela ukuthi: "Kufanele ubone yonke leyo mizila, wazi, amaCeltic ... ama-High Crosses ... kuwo wonke amathuna!"
Awu, sesivele sibone ukudideka okuvamile. Iziphambano zesi-Irish, iziphambano zeCeltic kanye ne-High Crosses zibonwa njengezifanayo - ezingekho.
I-Cross Cross yangempela, njengokuthi "ngokuvamile i-Irish" njenge- tower (ngokuvamile eseduze) embhoshongweni obuningi emehlweni amaningi, ingachazwa ngokucacile - engavimbeli amakhulu eminye imithwaba ebhalwe ngale ndlela.
ICelt Cross - i-Irish Original?
Uma umuntu ekhuluma ngesiphambano seCeltic, lokhu ngokuzenzakalelayo ubiza isithombe sesiphambano sesiLatini (esivamile) nesiqu kanye nezingalo ezixhunywe nge-add circular. Lolu hlobo oluthile lwesimboli esikhulu samaKristu kungenzeka ukuthi lwavela e-Ireland, nakuba luyaziwa eC Cornwall, eWales, eNyakatho England nasezingxenyeni zaseScotland - zonke izindawo ezixhumana ne-Ireland ngesikhathi okuthiwa "amaNkathi Emnyama". Ngakho-ke mhlawumbe lesi siphambano, esabhekwa njengeyinto ethile yePan-Celtic, safika nezithunywa zevangeli zase-Ireland?
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imvelaphi yasemlandweni yendawo yakuyo - ukuthuthukiswa komlando kwesitayela esingavamile salesi sivumelwano kungacace nakancane. Ngaphandle kokuba ubhalisele umqondo (obala) obala ukuthi abanye abafundisi base-Ireland bakhetha ngamabomu "uphawu lokuhweba" futhi baqamba ngokucacile isiphambano seCeltic.
Indlela indandatho eyaba yingxenye yesiphambano empeleni ngokuphelele ngokuphelele. Futhi evulekile ekuchazeni - izazi ezithile zaze zabonisa ukuthi indandatho imelela i-halo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela uKristu ngokwakhe, ukuvimbela noma yikuphi ukuphazamiseka mayelana nokufanekisa indodana kaNkulunkulu esiphambanweni. Lezi zinkolelo zingumzala omncane kulabo abakhombisa ukuthi umbuthano kufanele uhunyushwe ngempela njenge disk, emele sol invictus , unkulunkulu welanga.
Futhi ukuthi ihlobene eduze ne- ankh yaseGibhithe ...
Ngomuntu ngangizobamba iqhwa le-Occam kanye nenkolelo yokuhamba ngezinyawo, okungukuthi ukuthi indandatho yafakwa ngamasoni. Hhayi ama-Freemasons, khumbula wena, ngakho-ke ungabuyisa emuva "i-Da Vinci Code". I-Nope, ama-stonemasons, abadwebi nje abafuna ukwengeza kancane ukuzinza kokwakhiwa jikelele. Indandatho isebenza njengesiqiniseko esengeziwe se-crossbar. Okungasho ukuthi akukho uphawu olufihliwe lapha nhlobo.
Kodwa isiphambano seCeltic sithole imidwebo emisha eminyakeni yamuva - abaphathi abakhulu abamhlophe baye bahlukanisa isiphambano njengenye indlela eya ku-swastika!
Kungani Kwaphakanyiswa Iziphambano Zaphezulu?
Ngesinye sezizathu kuphela - ukubeka isikhala esingcwele nokumemezela ukunamathela ezinkolelweni zobuKristu. Ngokuyinhloko isibonakaliso sithi "Nangu ngamaKristu!", Kodwa futhi "Lokhu kungumhlabathi ongcwele, gcina ukuthula kwawo!"
Ngaphandle kwalokhu iziphambano zaziyizindawo ezibalulekile zokugubha - kungadingeki ukuthi omunye angasho. Ukuhlelwa kobuciko bezindawo zokuqala ze-monastic kwakuhlanganisa isonto, isiphambano futhi (uma izimali zivunyelwe) umbhoshongo ojikelezayo - umnyango wokugcina uqondiswe ekungeneni kokuqala, ngesiphambano phakathi. Futhi isonto lalivame kakhulu kakhulu ngisho nebandla eliphansi.
Okushiwo ukuthi izixuku ezithuthukisiwe zadingeka zihambele i-mass al fresco . Babuthana nxazonke esiphambanweni.
Kodwa akuzona zonke iziPhambano eziPhakeme ezazingokwemvelo - ezinye zibonakala zixhunywe kumalungelo omhlaba, ngokumaka indawo yemakethe njengesibonelo. Abanye babekwakhelwa ukukhumbula isenzakalo esibalulekile noma umuntu.
Ukusebenzisa kuphela i-High Crosses kwakungabonakali ukuthi kubonakala sengathi ... njengamaraki wangempela. Kodwa leyo mbono ingase ibe nje ngenxa yokungabi nobufakazi.
I-Early Evolution ye-High Crosses
Akekho isazi-mlando esingasitshela ukuthi, nini noma kungani okwakhiwa i-High Crosss yokuqala. I-Period. Kodwa kucatshangwa ukuthi amathala okuqala amatshe ayengaba "amakhophi" emithwathwa enokhuni ephethwe ngensimbi. Izici eziningana (ezidingekayo) zalezi zingqamuzana zangaphambili zafakwa empeleni ekwakheni ngamatshe.
Ezinye iziphambano zalolu hlobo zivela ekhulwini lesishiyagalombili nelesishiyagalolunye, njengesiphambano esenyakatho e-Ahenny, esihlanganiswe emiklamo yejometri. Isici esibaluleke kakhulu kwakuyisimo esiyisisekelo sesiphambano ngokwayo. Akunjalo nje njengesimo sensimbi yokubulawa kodwa njengesithombe se- chi rho monogram yokuqala.
Kamuva iziphambano zaba izithombe eziningi - isiphambano eseningizimu eClonmacnoise kanye nesiphambano sabangcwele uPatrick noColumba eKells . Lezi zaziwa ngokuthi "iziphambano ezishintshayo".
I-Cross Crosses - Izintshumayelo eziMatshe
Lokhu kuguqulwa kwaholela "emibhalweni yemibhalo", ngokoqobo nangokwemvelo ehlanganiswa nokumelela okufanekisayo kwezigcawu ezivela eBhayibhelini. Imihlobiso engaphansi kweCeltic, imininingwane evelele kakhulu. Lezi ziqephu kufanele zibhekwe njenge-High Crosses efanelekile.
Namuhla singakwazi ukubona iziqhumane ezingamashumi amathathu kulezi zikhumbuzo, konke okwenziwe ngekhulu le-9 nelekuqala le-10. Oyaziwa kakhulu mhlawumbe ngokuthi "isiphambano semiBhalo" eClonmacnoise. Ukukhethwa kwezingqikithi ezimelelwe kwakungokwemvelo - ngezindiza ngezikhathi ezithile ezixutshwe kuyo. Ukuphila endaweni yezindela kwakuveziwe, kodwa imiBhalo yayiyi "mcimbi oyinhloko". Abaculi (noma abaphathi babo) abagciniwe abathanda ukuvela ku-Fall of Adam no-Eva no-Fratricide kaKhayini, iSidlo Sokugcina kanye novuko. Ezinye izithombe ziningi kakhulu, njengezinqola zamaqhawe ngisho nezilwane ezingaphandle (ikamela eliDrumcliff libe yisibonelo esihle). Futhi kukhona ngisho namahlaya amancane kwezinye iziphambano ...
Ama-monks ngabe asebenzise le mizekeliso ukwenza izimfundiso zabo zisondele kakhulu kulabo abalaleli - isithombe esibaluleke ngaphezu kwamazwi ayizinkulungwane. "Izintshumayelo eziqoshwe etsheni" yindlela eyodwa lezi ziphambano eziye zachazwa.
Iziphambano ezenziwe kamuva ngekhulu le-11 nele-12 leminyaka zikhombisa ukwehla - izihlobiso zithatha futhi, ngalesi sikhathi ngethonya elihlukile e-Scandinavia, njengoba lesi yisikhathi samaVikings e-Ireland . Ukubethelwa emininingwaneni yama-gory kuba yizinto eziyinhloko zokudweba, isimo sengqondo siba mnyama. Njengokuthi ukuphela kwasekuseduze ...
Yikuthi empeleni kwaba - nge-Anglo-Norman ukuhlasela kanye nomthelela okhulayo wama-monastic oda aseYurophu njengabaCistercians uma uMellifont oPhezukonke oPhezulu ephela nje, washiya ukuma kodwa engenawo amasha.
Yeka ukuthi i-High Cross yayenziwe kanjani
I-High Cross ejwayelekile yayakhiwe ngezigaba ezintathu, ngezinye izikhathi izingxenye ezine - ingxenye ye-bootom ibe isisekelo esikhulu, esinobuciko noma se-pyramidal. Kulo mgobo wesiphambano esifanele wawusatshalaliswa. Ekhonjiswe yi-cross-head (isabelo ngezingalo nezindandatho) - ngezinye izikhathi izigxobo zekhanda kanye nekhanda liyenziwa ngento eyodwa. Iqoqo lonke libizwa ngokuthi yi-capstone, iningi lalo elahlekile namhlanje.
Inqubo yokukhiqiza yangempela ibonakala sengathi yenziwe ngezinyathelo ezihlukile, isiphambano sikhuliswa ngaphakathi ngaphambi kokuba imidwebo egciniwe igcwaliswe. Isiphambano esingapheli kumaKells sibonisa le mbono - izindawo lapho imininingwane enhle ingezwa khona namanje izikhala. Lokhu kwenza nomqondo omkhulu ... ucabange ukukhulisa isiphambano esiphelile, esiqoshiwe esivuliwe, bese uqhubekela phambili futhi uqhekeka ngenxa yokusebenza komhlaba.
Esinye isici esaziwayo futhi esingaziwa kakhulu se-High Crosses kufanele sikhulume - iziphambano azange zivele ziqoshiwe ngenkathi zihamba kahle, nazo zazenziwe ngemibala emibala kakhulu. Kunzima ukucabanga namuhla, kodwa nakanjani ukucabangela-izikhathi zokuqala. I- Irish National Heritage Park eduze neWexford iphinde ivuselele lokhu ... futhi isiphambano esinemibala ngokuvamile siyabingiswa ngokungabaza yizivakashi.
High Crosses zanamuhla
Isitha esibi kunazo zonke se-Irish High Crosses kwakungewona abahlaseli bamaVikings noma ama-Puritan zealots - kodwa nje isimo sezulu sase - Ireland . Iziphambano eziningi zenziwa nge-sandstone. Kulula ukusebenza, futhi okukwazi ukuthola imininingwane engavamile. Kodwa hhayi izinto zokusinda amakhulu eminyaka yemvula nomoya. Futhi uma isiphambano sigxilile ngenxa yezinto ezivulekile ezinikezwa phansi ... umphumela ojwayelekile wawuyi-puzzle ye-jigsaw eqoshiwe ecebile.
Njengoba lezi zingozi zisalokhu zikhona (nokungcola kuthatha enye inkokhelo), ezinye iziphambano kudingeka zisuswe futhi ziphinde zenziwe kabusha. Yamukeleka kubo bonke kodwa i-purist - kodwa ngisho nomvakashi kufanele aqinisekise ukuthi empeleni ulandele isithombe sangempela!
Okubi kakhulu okushiwo kahle kodwa ngokuvamile "ukulungiswa" okubukhali. Ukubamba ngamakhemikhali amancane kakhulu ngandlela-thile kuphazamisa emidwebo emihle. Futhi inhlanganisela yezingxenye ezivela emithangweni ehlukene ngokusobala nayo ihluleka ukwanelisa. Eminye imizamo yokuvikela iziphambano isho kahle kodwa ngandlela-thile inethemba - isiphambano emaKells sivikelwe emvula ngophahla oluncane, kodwa ukuhamba okungapheli kwamagundane angu-18 kuqhuma ngezinyathelo ezimbalwa.
Ingabe i-High Cross noma ...?
Ngisho nezincwadi eziphezulu ezenziwa e-Ireland zikwazi ukubiza izikhumbuzo ezivamile, zamathuna zamanje zamatshe, eziqoshwe kwizinga lezimboni lonke elase-Ireland, njenge "High Crosses". Wonke amasonto noma amathuna ase-Ireland azoba nalunye lwalezi. Isiphambano sokuphakama okuhle kanye nesibonelo seCeltic - isiphambano esiphakeme, kodwa asikho i-High Cross efanele.
Imifanekiso ihluke ngokuphelele futhi imivimbo yesimanje yizimpawu kubantu ngabanye, hhayi ezindaweni ezingcwele ... noma ngisho namathuluzi ezemfundo.
Izikhumbuzo zanamuhla zokubeka izindawo ezikhethekile kanye / noma izenzakalo nazo zivame ukusekelwe kwi-High Crosses, kokubili ngobukhulu kanye nesakhiwo esiyisisekelo. Abaningi babe nemiklamo ye-geometrical noma i-knot-work, ngokuvamile ebonisa ingxube yamathonya aseCeltic naseScandinavia kanye nokusiza okuhle "imiklamo ejwayelekile yama-Irish" yothando. Iningi lalezi zikhumbuzo ziyabonakala kalula nakuba ezinye zihamba njengeziPhakamiso eziPhambili kwezinye izincwadi - ikakhulu uma zifakwa endaweni yodwa ukuze zenze umphumela omkhulu.
Ngamafuphi - noma yini engaphansi kweminyaka engama-800 akumele ithathwe njenge-High Cross yangempela.