Ngaphambi Kokuvakashela, Thola Izinkomba Zamuva
I-Stonehenge igxile eSalisbury Plain, enkulu, ehlukile futhi engaqondakali. Abantu bebelokhu bezama ukuqonda incazelo kanye nomlando we-UK - futhi mhlawumbe umhlaba - amatshe okuma okumangalisayo nokubalulekile okungenani iminyaka engu-800.
Manje, ucwaningo luphonsa imibono emisha mayelana ne-Stonehenge; umsuka wayo nezinhloso. Izintshumayelo zakamuva zingashintsha indlela ocabanga ngayo ngale ndawo yemilingo.
Futhi, ngemva kokukhishwa okukhulu kwezivakashi zezivakashi eminyakeni embalwa eyedlule, izindaba - nezimfihlakalo - ze-Stonehenge zicacile kunanini ngaphambili.
Yini Ongayilindela Uma Uhamba
Into yokuqala ozoyiqaphela mayelana nesikhungo sevakashele i-Stonehenge yindlela encane oyibona ngayo. Lesi sakhiwo, esakhiwe ngabakhi beDenton Corker Marshal, siphenduka cishe emhlabeni. Uphahleni lwawo oluhamba ngokushelela luhambisana namagquma aluhlaza futhi kubonakala sengathi luhamba phezu kwehlathi lemihlahla emincane - izigxobo eziwusizo eziwusizo.
Ngaphandle kwesikhungo, isitimela esincane esincane silithumela ematshe asendulo ahamba ngamamayela nengxenye. Uma ukhetha ukuhamba, uzoba nethuba elingcono lokuqonda ukuthi lesi sikhumbuzo sifanelana kanjani nasendaweni yaso yasendulo. Esikhathini esedlule, izivakashi ezafika ku-Stonehenge zangeke zithole ithuba lokubona zonke izigxobo zangaphambili ezihlakazekile ezungeze isayithi. Kodwa, egibele umhlaba, ngaphansi kwezulu elikhulu lase- Salisbury Plain , kuyindlela ehle ngempela yokufika.
Ngemuva kwalokho, thatha isikhathi sokuhlola isikhungo sesivakashi. Ngaphakathi kwalo, ama-pavilions amabili ahlala endlini i-cafe kanye nesitolo kanye nendawo encane, emnyuziyamu omuhle kakhulu nombukiso. Ukubukwa kubeka inyama yangempela emathanjeni okuvakashela i-Stonehenge, ehlola izinkolelo nezindinganiso zesikhathi esidlule kanye neziphetho zakamuva zabacwaningi abasebenza kule sayithi.
Phakathi kwamaphuzu avelele:
- Amathuluzi wangempela asetshenziswa abenzi be-Stonehenge - phakathi kwawo u-antler obomvu ovame ukusebenzisa umgodla futhi akhiwe amabhange ayesakhiwo sokuqala esakhiweni.
- Iqoqo lamathuluzi e-Neolithic kufaka phakathi i-flint awl, i-saw kanye "ne-fabricator" esetshenziselwa ukushaya inhlansi nokwenza umlilo. I-awl futhi yabona ibonakala kakhulu njengamathuluzi asetshenzisiwe namhlanje.
- Inhloko eyakhiwe kabusha yendoda yaseNeolithic yasekuqaleni, eyenziwe ngokusebenzisa amasu asemthethweni esekelwe emasendeni omuntu owagonywa eseduze nekhulu le-19.
- I-shayali yethusi efana ne-axx eqoshiwe kwamanye amatshe, eminyakeni engu-700 emva kwe-Stonehenge yakhiwe.
- Imephu yaseBrithani ngesikhathi i-Stonehenge isetshenziselwa ukusetshenziswa, kubonisa ezinye izingosi, izingosi ezifanayo, imibuthano yamatshe kanye namagundane okwakhiwe kulo lonke izwe ngesikhathi esisodwa. Iphakamisa umphakathi ohlelekile owaziwa ngamasiko, izikhumbuzo kanye nemikhuba futhi isakazwa kusukela enyakatho ekude kuya kwisiNgisi.
- Ngaphandle, idolobha elisungulwe kabusha le-Neolithic (elisuselwa ekutholeni okuseduze) okunika izivakashi umqondo wokuthi abakhi be-Stonehenge bahlala kanjani.
Futhi Bayazi Kanjani Lokhu?
Lona yingxenye engcono kakhulu yendaba eya yonke indlela ekucabangeni okuqala mayelana nesikhumbuzo esingaqondakali.
Ngokusho kweGugu leNgqungquthela , kanye neThe National Trust, elawula isayithi cishe ngamakhilomitha angu-90 eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeLondon, izikhombisi zakuqala zitholakala emkhatsini wekhulu le-12 leminyaka kaHenry of Huntingdon, umfundisi waseLincoln owabhala umlando waseNgilandi.
Wabiza indawo ethi Stanenges futhi wabhala ngamatshe "ngobukhulu obuhle ... okwakhiwa ngemuva kweminyango, ngakho-ke lowo mnyango ubonakala ukhulisiwe emnyango; futhi akekho ongakwazi ukucabanga ukuthi amatshe amakhulu kangaka aphakanyisiwe kanjani, noma kungani kwakhiwa khona. "
Imibuzo yakhe - i-Stonehenge yayakhiwe kanjani, kungani indawo yayo ekhethiwe futhi yiyiphi - yaphazamisa izizukulwane zababhali, abacwaningi nezivakashi. Manje, emashumini eminyaka okuqala ekhulwini lama-21, abavubukuli baqala ukuza nezimpendulo ezintsha - kanye nemibuzo eminingi emisha.
Imibuzo efana nalokhu:
U-Stonehenge Wakhiwa Kanjani Futhi Ngobani?
Enye yezimfihlakalo ezinkulu ze-Stonehenge yindalo yayo yangempela. Amanye amatshe ayo aphakeme kunazo zonke avela emakhilomitha amaningi kude eMagqumeni ase-Preseli aseWales.
Bathuthwa kanjani umphakathi ongazange usebenzise isondo? Futhi ebiza lesi sikhumbuzo ngokuthi "umbhangqwana wamatshe onguchwepheshe obunjiniyela obuningi kakhulu emhlabeni wonke," i-English Heritage ithi ngenkathi ezinye izikhumbuzo zamatshe zaseNeolithic zaziyizinqwaba zamatshe zemvelo kanye namatshe, i-Stonehenge yenziwe ngamatshe agqoke, afakwe kanye ne-tenon eqondile kanye ne-tenon amalunga.
Ngesikhathi wonke amatshe e-lintel ombuthano wangaphandle ayesekhona, adala umbuthano ophelele, ohlangene, nakuba isikhumbuzo sibheke emhlabathini.
Abalobi bokuqala bahlekisa ukuthi isikhumbuzo sakhiwa ngabaseRoma, abanye babeka enhliziyweni yezinganekwane ze-Arthurian futhi baphakamisa ukuthi uMerlin wayenomsebenzi ekwakheni. Kukhona izindaba zeMerlin ezihamba ngezinyawo ezivela eWales futhi zibayisa phezulu kwesikhumbuzo. Futhi-ke, kunezinto eziningi zokubandakanyeka kwabafokazi.
Izinkondlo zamanje ziyamangalisa nakakhulu nakuba zingaphansi komhlaba. Eminyakeni engaba yishumi nanhlanu, eMkhandlwini we-Stonehenge Riverside, amaqembu abavubukuli abavela emayunivesithi aseSheffield, eManchester, eSouthampton naseBournemouth, kanye neYunivesithi yaseLondon, bebelokhu befunda isikhumbuzo kanye nezwe elizungezile. Bakhombisa ukuthi lakhiwe njengephrojekthi yokuhlanganiswa phakathi kwezizwe zokulima zaseMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga yaseBrithani, phakathi kuka-3 000 BC no-2 500 BC, zahlanganyela isiko elivamile.
Isazi sezinto zokuvubukula uProfesa Mike Parker Pearson wase-University College, umbhali waseLondon we- Stonehenge, i-New Understanding: Ukuxazulula Izimfihlakalo ZeSikhumbuzo Esikhulu Kunazo Zonke Zesizinda Samatshe Esikhulu :
"... kwakukhona isiko elikhulayo esiqhingini - izitayela ezifanayo zezindlu, zobumba nezinye izinto ezibonakalayo zisetshenziselwa i-Orkney kuya ogwini oluseningizimu ... I-Stonehenge ngokwayo yayiwumsebenzi omkhulu, odinga umsebenzi wezinkulungwane ... ukusebenza ngokwayo, okudinga wonke umuntu ukuba aqoqe ndawonye, bekuyoba isenzo sokubumbana. "
Futhi indawo yokuqothulwa emakhilomitha amabili-ntshonalanga yeNyakatho-mpumalanga yeSikhumbuzo, i-Durrington Walls, isekela le mbono ngokufakazela ukuthi izindlu eziningi ezingu-1 000 nabantu abangu-4 000 abavela kulo lonke iBrithani babambe iqhaza - ngesikhathi abantu abalinganiselwa kulo lonke izwe beba malunga 10,000.
Umzana wabakhi cishe wawungumzana omkhulu kunazo zonke eNoolithic eYurophu. Umuntu onamandla okwenza umsebenzi onzima kakhulu we-plain wayesekhona. Amatshe asuswa esuka eWales, nge-sledges nangesikebhe, hhayi ngezobuciko obumnyama noma ngesayensi yemfihlo. Yize izinga lezinhlangano ezidingekayo ngesikhathi esifanayo, kunalokho kumangalisa.
Futhi leyo yimbono eyodwa nje. Omunye wukuthi amatshe aseWelder ayenziwa yizingqimba ze-Ice Age futhi atholakala ngokwemvelo ithafa lapho izakhi zika-Stonehenge zihamba emhlabeni.
I-Stonehenge ingakanani?
Ukuhlakanipha okuvamile bekulokhu ukuthi isikhumbuzo sineminyaka engaba ngu-5 000 ubudala futhi sakhiwe ngezigaba eziningana ngaphezu kwesikhathi seminyaka engu-500. Eqinisweni, ukwakha okuningi kwe-Stonehenge, okubonakalayo namhlanje, cishe kwakhiwe ngaphakathi kwaleso sikhathi.
Kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwe-site ye-Stonehenge yezinhloso ezibalulekile, futhi mhlawumbe izinkolelo zibuyela emuva kakhulu - mhlawumbe njengoba kudlule eminyakeni engu-8 000 kuya ku-10 000. Ukucwaninga okuzungeze indawo yokupaka kwetshe lesikhumbuzo ema-1960s futhi futhi ngonyaka wama-1980 bathola izimbiza ezaziphethe izitshalo zokhuni ezitshalwe phakathi kuka-8500BC no-7000BC.
Akucaci ukuthi lezi zihlobene ngqo ne-Stonehenge kodwa ukuthi yini ebonakala ngokucacile ukuthi indawo yaseSalisbury Plain ibalulekile kumaBrithani asekuqaleni iminyaka eyizinkulungwane.
Kungani i-Salisbury Plain?
I-Silly Season i-theorists iphakamisa ukuthi ithafa liyindawo enhle yokufika endaweni yokugibela imiphakathi nokuthi imigqa nemifantu ebonakalayo emoyeni kanye nokuhlola kwezemvelo yizintambo eziwubuciko.
Kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi indawo yokuzikhethela ikhethe ngokwayo. EBrithani lasendulo laligcwele amahlathi. Isikhala esikhulu esivulekile, izinkulungwane zamahektare ezinhlanga ezingasetshenziswanga, kwakungeke kube okungajwayelekile futhi okukhethekile. Ngisho nanamuhla, ukushayela esitrateni saseSalisbury ebumnyameni obubusuku, izinto zomhlaba ezingaqondakali ezingabonakali esibhakabhakeni esinezinkanyezi, zingaba nakho okungavamile, okungaphezu kwamandla angaphezu kwamandla.
Futhi imigqa, eyaziwa ngokuthi imivimbo ye-periglacial ehambisana ngokuhambisana ne-axis ye-solstice yizici zemvelo zemvelo. Abantu abalimi abahlala kule ndawo futhi abaqaphela ngokucophelela izimpawu zonyaka baqaphela ukuhambisana nokushintsha kwezinkathi zonyaka futhi bakhetha isayithi kanye nesimo se-Stonehenge ngenxa yabo.
Lokho kwakuyisiphetho esasithola iqembu likaProfesa Pearson. Uthi, "Lapho sikhuphuka ngalolu lungiselelo olungokwemvelo lwemvelo yendlela yokukhanya kwelanga ephawulwa ezweni, saqaphela ukuthi abantu basezindaweni zangaphambili bakhetha le ndawo ukwakha i-Stonehenge ngenxa yokubaluleka kwayo kwangaphambili ... Kungenzeka babone le ndawo njenge isikhungo sezwe. "
Yini i-Stonehenge eyasetshenziselwa yona?
Thatha okukhethwa kukho: Ukukhulekelwa kweDruid, ukucwatshwa, ukuvuna imikhosi, imihlatshelo yezilwane, imikhosi ye-solstice, imicimbi yomphakathi, isikhungo sokuphulukisa, ikhalenda yokulima, umhlaba wokuvikela, isignali kubonkulunkulu, umhluku owehlayo. Kunemibono eminingi mayelana nokuthi yini i-Stonehenge esetshenziselwa yona. Futhi eminyakeni edlule, ukuvubukulwa kwezinto zakudala kutholakale ubufakazi bobuningi balezi zenzo (ngaphandle kwabafokazi - kuze kube manje). Ukutholakala okungenani okungamakhulu angama-150 okungcwaba kule ndawo kuyisifiso esisheshayo, isibonelo.
Iqiniso liwukuthi, indawo engokwesiko i-Stonehenge iyingxenye yayo yayisetshenziswa yizinhlangano ezihlukene zabantu iminyaka eyizinkulungwane. Kungenzeka ukuthi yayinezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukene zokusebenzisa ngaphezu kwezinkulungwane zeminyaka. Singase singayiqondi ngokugcwele le ndawo engavamile, kodwa abavubukuli nabalwazi bezimlando basondela njalo ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Lapho Uzohamba
Njalo ngonyaka, i-Wiccans, i-Neo Pagans, i-New Agers kanye nezivakashi ezifuna ukwazi ukuvakasha ziyofika ku-Stonehenge ze- solstice ehlobo . Yisikhathi kuphela lapho izivakashi zivunyelwe ukuba zikhiphe ezungeze isayithi bese zichitha ubusuku bonke zilinde ukusa.
Kodwa okufundwayo eDurrington Walls kusikisela ukuthi phakathi kwesikhatshana, hhayi phakathi kwe-midsummer kwakubaluleke kakhulu futhi isikhathi sezinkolelo nokudla. Eziningi zezinye izikhumbuzo endaweni ye-Stonehenge zihambelana nokusa kwelanga kanye nokushona kwelanga. Leyo mbono yenza kube nomqondo ozwakalayo uma ucabanga ngemikhosi yomlilo nemikhosi yomphakathi phakathi kweNyakatho Yurophu.
Ungavakashela i-Stonehenge nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka futhi inkathi ngayinye inezinzuzo nezinkinga zayo. Hamba ebusika futhi akudingeki uvuke ekuseni kakhulu ukuze ubone ilanga, njalo ukhangele embonweni lesikhumbuzo. NgoDisemba, ilanga liphuma lapho cishe ngo-8 ekuseni Lesi sikhumbuzo asivulekile ke kodwa ungayibona ibanga elide kude ne-A303. Ingosi kungenzeka ukuthi iphinde ibe ningi kakhulu. Uhlangothi olungezansi ukuthi i-Salisbury Plain ibanda, iqhutshwa umoya futhi, eminyakeni yamuva, ihlanganiswe eqhweni noma ngakho-ke amanzi amanzi ukuthi ukufinyelela kwezinye izindawo, izingosi ezihambisanayo zilinganiselwe.
Uma uhamba ehlobo, uzobe uthanda ukuncintisana namanye amaqembu futhi, uma ufuna ukubona ukuphuma kwelanga, kungcono ube ukuphakama kokuqala. NgoJuni, kuphuma ngaphambi kuka-5 ekuseni Ngasohlangothini oluhlangene, ungakwazi ukuhamba ngokunethezeka ukusuka kwesithameli isikhungo ukuya endaweni ngaphandle kokuqandisa. Futhi ngamahora amaningi kakhulu omini, unesikhathi esiningi sokuhlola izingosi zesandulela-mlando esiseduzane nomuzi weSalisbury.
Okuseduze
I-Stonehenge, umbuthano wamatshe onobuciko obuningi kakhulu emhlabeni wonke uyisikhumbuzo esisodwa phakathi nendawo ekhangayo ye-prehistoric landscape enezimpawu ezicashile. Indawo ye- Stonehenge, Avebury ne-Associated Indawo ye-Heritage World, ihlanganisa:
- i-Henge enkulu e-Avebury enombuthano omkhulu wamatshe emhlabeni wonke
- Silbury Hill - intaba engavamile, eyenziwe ngabantu, eyona enkulu kunazo zonke eYurophu, engamamitha angaba ngu-100 ephakeme futhi engu-4 400 ubudala. Akekho owakwazi ukuthola ukuthi ubani owakhele nokuthi kungani. Zama i-National Trust Silbury Hill Walk.
- I-West Kennet Long Barrow, enye yamathuna amancane kakhulu we-Neolithic eBrithani.
Futhi esiseduze: Idolobha elincane laseSalisbury ne-cathedral yalo, ikhaya lekhophi yokuqala ye-Magna Carta ne-Medieval Clock - iwashi elidala kunazo zonke elikhona ukusebenza lihamba ngamaminithi angu-20 ngaphandle kwebhasi noma ibhasi lendawo.
Izivakashi Eziyisisekelo
- Ukwamukelwa kungukuthi ithikithi elilinganiselwe liphakanyisiwe ngokunconywa kokubhuka kwangaphambili. Ngezikhathi zokuvula, amanani wamanje futhi ukubhuka amathikithi, bheka iwebhusayithi ye-Ticket ye-Stonehenge.
- Indawo ye- Stonehenge - Thola ukuhamba okuphakanyisiwe kuwebhusayithi ye-National Trust.
- Ukufika lapho:
- Ngesitimela esivela eLondon Waterloo eya eSalisbury Station ( hlola i-National Rail Inquiries ) bese iThe Stonehenge Tour Bus, ibhasi lomphakathi elizinikezele esiteshini sesitimela.
- Ngonyawo noma umjikelezo - UWiltshire County Council ushicilela izikhombisi-ndlela ku-Stonehenge ngezinyawo nasemigwaqweni yemigwaqo kanye namabhasi wendawo. Ungathola futhi i-Stonehenge kuwebhusayithi ye-Sustrans ye-National Cycle Network.
- Ngemoto - i-Stonehenge isuka ku-A360, ifinyelelwe eLondon ku-M3 no-A303 (isethi i-SatNavs ye-ZIP Code SP4 7DE). Kungaba ngamamitha angu-88 futhi kuthatha ngaphansi kwamahora amabili ezimweni ezinhle zomgwaqo. Kukhona indawo yokupaka esiteshini esingenalutho kubanikazi bethikithi be-Stonehenge.