Nsuku zonke, izindiza ezingaphezu kwezingu-100 000 ezihleliwe ziphuma ezikhungweni zezindiza futhi zizofika kuwo wonke amaphuzu emhlabeni jikelele. Eziningi zazo yizindiza zokuhweba, ezithwele izinkulungwane zabantu nsuku zonke ukuya noma ezivela emakhaya abo emhlabeni jikelele. Abaningi balabo bagibeli abakucabangi lutho ngobuchwepheshe obangena emangalisweni yendiza, noma izinkulungwane zabantu emhlabeni wonke abangazange banenhlanhla.
Nakuba ukuhamba ngezindiza kungenye yezindlela zokuhamba eziphephile namuhla, le ndlela yokuthutha yayingeyona into ethembekile kunazo zonke. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwesikhathi sokuhamba kwezindiza, abantu abangaphezu kuka-50 000 balahlekelwe yimpilo yabo ezingozini zezindiza ababengakwazi ukulawula. Kodwa-ke, kusukela emihlatshelweni yabo, ukuhamba kwezindiza yanamuhla kuye kwakhula kwaba enye yezindlela eziphephile nezindlela ezihamba phambili zokuhamba ezitholakala emhlabeni jikelele.
Izigameko ezinkulu zezindiza zithinte kanjani isipiliyoni somgibeli phakathi nekhulu lokugcina? Nazi izibonelo ezinhlanu zokuthi izingozi zezindiza ezibangelwa ukushona zenze kanjani ukuhamba kwezindiza kubanamuhla besikhathi esihambahamba emhlabeni jikelele.
1956: I-Grand Canyon Mid-Air Collision
Emlandweni omusha wezindiza zezokuhweba zaseMelika, i-Grand Canyon phakathi kokushayisana kwamabhomu kwakuyisigameko esibi kunazo zonke sezindiza emlandweni ngaleso sikhathi. Ngenxa yokubaluleka komcimbi emlandweni wezindiza waseMelika, indawo ye-crash yayikhethwe njenge-US National Historic Landmark ngo-2014 futhi yiyona ndawo ephawulekayo esenzelwe isenzakalo esenzeka emoyeni.
Okwenzekile: Ngo-June 30, 1956, i-TWA Flight 2, i-Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation, ihlangane ne-United Airlines Flight 718, i-Douglas DC-7 Mainliner. Emva kokubili izindiza ziphuma eLos Angeles International Airport zibheke empumalanga, izindlela zabo zawela i-Grand Canyon e-Arizona. Njengoba bengathintana nabaphathi bezindiza zezindiza futhi behamba ezindizeni ezingalawuleki, lezindiza ezimbili zazingazi ukuthi enye yimuphi, futhi aziyazi ukuthi zithinteka emoyeni.
Ngenxa yalokho, zombili izindiza zaphela zihamba ezindizeni kanye nokuphakama okufanayo, okwenza kube khona ukungqubuzana phakathi nomoya. Yonke imiphefumulo engu-128 ehamba ngezindiza zombili yabulawa ngenxa yengozi futhi yaphumela eGrand Canyon.
Yini eyashintsha: Lesi sigameko senza kube lula inkinga enkulu yokwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda yezindiza yaseMelika ngaleso sikhathi: akukho ukulawula okuvamile kwezindiza ngaleso sikhathi. Ukulawulwa kwe-Airspace kwahlukaniswa phakathi kwamabutho ase-US ahlomile, ahlale eqala kuqala, nazo zonke ezinye izindiza, njengoba zilawulwa yiBhodi ye-Civil Aeronautics. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakukhona izigameko ezimbalwa eziseduze ezibikwe phakathi kwezindiza zokuhweba, noma izindiza zokuhweba ezitholakele ezingozini zomgwaqo.
Eminyakeni emibili ngemva kwenhlekelele yaseGrand Canyon, iCongress yadlulisa uMthetho we-Federal Aviation Act ka-1958. Lesi senzo sazala i-Federal Aviation Agency (kamuva i-Federal Aviation Administration), eyayilawula wonke ama-airways aseMelika ngaphansi kokulawula okukodwa, okubumbene. Ngentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe, ukushayisana phakathi kwe-air kanye nezigameko eziseduze kwakunciphise kakhulu, okuholela ekuhlangenwe nakho okuphephile kwezindiza kubo bonke.
1977: Tenerife Airport Disaster
Umonakalo wezindiza obulalayo kakhulu emlandweni wezindiza awuzange kwenzeke esikhumulweni sezindiza esikhulu noma njengesenzo sobuphekula ngamabomu kodwa esikhundleni salokhu kuhileleke isikhumulo sezindiza esincane eSanary Islands eSpain ngenxa yokungahambisani kabi phakathi kwabagibeli ababili.
Ngo-Mashi 27, 1977, i-Tenerife Airport Disaster yabulala abantu abangu-583, lapho izindiza ezimbili zeBoing 747 zihlangana emgwaqweni eLood Rodeos Airport (manje owaziwa ngokuthi iTenerife-North Airport)
Okwenzekile: Ngenxa yokuqhuma kwebhomu e-Gran Canaria Airport, izindiza eziningana eziya esikhumulweni sezindiza zihanjiswe ezindaweni eziningi zezindiza endaweni, kuhlanganise neLos Rodeos Airport eTenerife. I-KLM Flight 4805 nePan Am Flight 1736 kwakuyizindiza ezimbili ze-Boeing 747 ezidluliselwa esikhumulweni sezindiza ezincane ngenxa yeGran Canaria Airport Closure.
Lapho isikhumulo sezindiza sivuliwe, bobabili abangu-747 bafuna ukubeka kabusha ukuze baphume ngesikhumulo sezindiza. Indiza ye-KLM yayiyalwe ukuba ihambe ekupheleni komgwaqo futhi iguqule ama-degree angama-180 ukulungiselela ukukhipha, ngenkathi indiza ye-Pan Am iyalwelwa ukuba isuse umgwaqo ngetekisi.
Inkungu enamandla ayikwenzanga nje kuphela ukuthi izindiza ezimbili zikwazi ukuxhumana nomunye nomunye, kodwa futhi nePan Am 747 ukukhomba itekisi efanele. Ukuhlukunyezwa kabi phakathi kwabagibeli bezindiza kwabangele ukuhamba kwe-KLM kuqale izinhlelo zabo zokuthatha izinto ngaphambi kokuba i-Pan Am 747 icace, okwenza kube nokushayisana okukhulu okwabulala abantu abangu-583. Esikhathini sezindiza zePan Am, abantu abangu-61 basinda ekupheleleni.
Yini eyashintsha: Ngenxa yengozi, izinyathelo eziningana zokuphepha zivele ziqaliswe ngokushesha ukuvimbela inhlekelele yalokhu ubukhulu ekungenakwenzeka futhi. Umphakathi wezindiza womhlaba wonke wavuma ukusebenzisa isiNgisi njengolimi oluvamile lokusebenzisana kokulawulwa kwe-traffic traffic, ngeqoqo lemishwana ejwayelekile ekhuluma yonke imininingwane phakathi kwezindiza. Ngemuva kwesigameko se-Tenerife, igama elithi "ukuthatha" lisetshenziselwa kuphela uma indiza iqinisekiswa isusiwe ukuze isuke esikhumulweni sezindiza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiyalo emisha ye-cockpit yanikezwa amaqembu okushayela, okugxila kakhulu ekwenzeni izinqumo zeqembu, kunokuba umshayeli enze izinqumo zeqembu.
1987: I-Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 1771
Nakuba ama-1970 ayefakaza ekuthunjweni kwezindiza ezivamile emhlabeni wonke, kwakungavamile ukuba kube yinto ehlukumezayo noma ebulalayo njengoba kwenzeka okwenzeke phansi kwePacific Southwest Airlines Flight 1771. Phakathi nendiza ehleliwe njalo esuka eLos Angeles kuya eSan Francisco ngoDisemba 7, 1987, lowo owayengumsebenzi wayebheke indiza yabaphathi bezindiza, wabulala abashayeli bezindiza futhi waletha indiza phansi eCall Coast Coast.
Okwenzekile: Ngemva kokuthengwa kwe-Pacific Southwest Airlines yi-USAir, owayengumsebenzi uDavid Burke waxoshwa enkampanini ngamacala okuba utshwala, ngemuva kokuba amaRandi angu-69 emarejistini e-cocktail. Ngemuva kokuzama ukubuyisela umsebenzi wakhe, uBurke wathengela ithikithi yendiza umphathi wakhe evuliwe, ngenhloso yokumbulala.
UBurke akazange aphendulele ezinkampanini zakhe zezindiza, amvumela ukuba adlule ukuphepha nge-revolver elayishiwe. Ngemuva kokuba indiza ibe yindiza, iBurke kungenzeka ibhekene nomphathi wayo, ngaphambi kokushaja i-cockpit nokubulala abagibeli bezindiza. Ikholomu yokulawula yaqhutshwa phambili, ihambisa indiza phansi ezintabeni zaseSanta Lucia phakathi kweCayucous nePaso Robles, eCalifornia. Abekho abasindile kulolu cala.
Yini eyashintsha: Ngenxa yokuhlaselwa, izindiza zombili neCongress zashintsha iziqondiso zabasebenzi basezikhungweni zangaphambili. Okokuqala, zonke izisebenzi zezindiza ezinqanyuliwe zadingeka ukuba zilawule ngokushesha iziqinisekiso zazo, ngaleyo ndlela zisuse ukufinyelela kwazo ezindaweni ezivikelekile zezindiza. Okwesibili, kunikwe igunya lokuba bonke abasebenzi bezindiza baqede uhlelo olufanayo lokuhlola ukuphepha njengabagibeli. Okokugcina, ngoba abaphathi abaningana be-Chevron Oil Company babengaphakathi kulowo moya, izinkampani eziningi zashintsha izinqubomgomo zabo ukuze zidinga abaphathi ukuba bahambe ngezindiza ezahlukene, uma kwenzeka kwenzeka ingozi.
1996: ValuJet Flight 592
Abahamba ngezinyawo ababephila ngo-1996 bangase bakhumbule ngokucacile lesi sigameko esikwehlise i-ValuJet Flight 952, futhi ekugcineni silethe isithwathwa esinezindleko eziphansi ekufeni kwayo. NgoMeyi 11, 1996, uMcDonnell-Douglas DC-9 oneminyaka engu-27 ubudala ovela eMiami waya e-Atlanta wehla eFlorida Everglades ngemva nje kokuhamba, wabulala bonke abantu abangu-110 ababesendleleni.
Okwenzekile: Ngaphambi kokukhipha, isonkontileka yesondlo seValuJet yathwala amabhokisi amahlanu omshini wokuphefumula wamakhemikhali e-oxygen engapheli. Esikhundleni sezingubo zepulasitiki ezimboza izikhonkwane zokudubula, izikhonkwane nezintambo zazimbozwe nge-tape tape. Ngesikhathi itekisi, indiza ibhekene ne-jolt e-alarmon, ishintshe amathini oksijini futhi isebenzise okungenani eyodwa. Ngenxa yalokho, i-albhamu ingakhishwa oksijini futhi yaqala ukushisa ekushiseni okulinganisiwe kwama-degrees Fahrenheit angaphezu kwama-500.
Ngenxa yalokho, kwaphuma umlilo emgodini wezintambo ezingenalutho, okhethwe ngamanzi angashisayo, amabhokisi amakhadibhodi, ne-oksijeni ephuma ekhoneni. Umlilo usheshe usakaze emgodini womgibeli, kuyilapho ucibilikisa ukulawula kwekhebula elibalulekile lendiza. Ngaphansi kwemizuzu engaba ngu-15 ngemuva kokuba indiza iqede, yehla ngesivinini esigcwele eFlorida Everglades, ebulala wonke umuntu.
Yini eyashintsha: Ngenxa yengozi kanye nophenyo, i-FAA yaqala ukugunyaza izinguquko ngokushesha kwizindiza zaseMelika. Okokuqala, zonke izindiza ezintsha nokusebenza njengamanje kufanele zifake izimboni zensimbi eziphathekayo, zibika kubakhansela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithwalo yempahla igcina kufanele ibe nezinhlelo zokucima umlilo ezifakwe ukuze zimise umlilo wezimpahla futhi ekugcineni zize zigcine indiza ize ibuyele esikhumulweni sezindiza. Ekugcineni, isonkontileka ukulayisha lezi zinto emithwalini yempahla yabanjelwa icala ngokungafanele ngenxa yezenzo zabo futhi ekugcineni kwaphoqeleka ukuvala iminyango yazo.
1996: TWA Flight 800
Ngesikhathi i-TWA Flight 800 isuka esibhakabhakeni ngoJulayi 17, 1996, le nhlekelele yaba ngokoqobo engacabangeki. I-Boeing 747 engenakho irekhodi lesigameko esiphezulu esibhakabhakeni ngemva kwemizuzu engu-12 ngemuva kokuphuma kuJohn F. Kennedy International Airport. Ngokushesha, i-TWA Worldport yaba isikhungo sokuhlonza imindeni nabasebenzi, njengoba izwe lizama ukubeka izingcezu ndawonye kulokho okwenzekile.
Okwenzekile: Amaminithi angu-12 kuphela emva kwe-TWA Flight 800 esuka eJFK, eya eRoma ngokuma eParis, indiza yayibonakala ingaqhuma ngaphandle kwesizathu esibhakabhakeni sasebusuku. Indiza eseduze esabika kubaphathi bezithuthi zezindiza ebona ukuqhuma emamitha angaba ngu-16 000 emoyeni, ilandelwa imibiko eminingana eminye. Imisebenzi yokusesha nokulondolozwa yabuyiselwa kwisayithi, kepha ayikho into ephumelelayo: bonke abantu abangu-230 ababephakathi kwendiza babulawa ngemuva kokuqhuma.
Yini eyashintsha: Ngemva kokuphenya okude okwakubonisa ukuthi ubuphekula kanye nokukhathala kwe-airframe, abaphenyi e-National Transportation Safety Board banqume ukuthi lezindiza zaqhuma ngenxa yephutha lokuklama. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele, "isenzakalo sokucindezeleka" esikhungweni sezindiza esibhedlela singabangela ukwehluleka okusheshayo, okuholela ekuqhumeni nasekuqhumeni kwezindiza. Nakuba iphutha lokuklama lihlelwe ngaphambili ukuze libheke ukushayisana kwezibani ezindizayini , ukungaphumeleli akuzange kulungiswe kulezi zindiza ezithile zeBoing. Ngakho-ke, i-NTSB yakhuthaza ukuthi zonke izindiza ezintsha zihambelane ne-fuel tank entsha nezinkombandlela eziphathelene nokuhlanganela, kufaka phakathi izinhlelo zokufaka i-nitrogen-inerting systems.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, le ngozi yanikezela iCongress ukunyusa uMthetho weNsiza yokuHlezeka kwezinhlekelele ze-Aviation ye-1996. Ngaphansi komthetho, i-NTSB yiyona nhlangano eyinhloko yokuxhumana nabalingani emindenini yalabo abathintekayo esenzakalweni sezindiza, hhayi i-airline. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuhileleke izindiza kanye namaqembu abo abavunyelwe ukuxhumana nemindeni izinsuku ezingu-30 ngokushesha ngemuva kwalesi sigameko.
Nakuba ukuhamba emoyeni kwakungeyona ndlela ehamba phambili kunazo zonke zokuhamba, imihlatshelo yabanye yaphenduka ukuhamba kwaba yinto ephephile futhi efinyeleleka kubo bonke. Ngalesi sigameko, isizukulwane esilandelayo samaflaya singahamba emhlabeni wonke ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngokufika ezindaweni zabo zokugcina.