Indaba yeqiniso ukuthi enye imidwebo iphelile kanjani emaqoqweni angu-28 ahlukene
Uma ungumuntu ovame ukuba ngumculi we-Impressionist yobuciko, kungenzeka ukuthi uke wabona u-Edgar Degas's "Little Dancer of Yearsteen" (1881) eMetropolitan Museum of Art .
Futhi i-Musee d'Orsay. Futhi i-Museum of Fine Arts, eBoston. Kukhona futhi ku-National Gallery of Art eWashington DC, naseTate Modern futhi abaningi, abaningi abaningi. Konke ndawonye, kunezinguquko ezingu-28 ze- "Little Dancer" kumamyuziyamu nakwezemibukiso emhlabeni jikelele.
Ngakho-ke uma iminyuziyamu ibonisa imisebenzi yobuciko yangempela (futhi kaningi engabalulekile) yobuciko, lokhu kungaba kanjani? Yiyiphi enye yangempela? Ngokweqile, ingabe kukhona abaningi "Abadansi Abancane"? Indaba ihilela umculi, imodeli, isiqhema sabagxeki abathukuthele kakhulu kanye nesisekelo se-bronze.
Ake siqale ekuqaleni. Lapho u-Edgar Degas eba nesithakazelo ezindabeni zabadansi be-ballet eParis Opera, kwakubhekwa njengokuphikisana ngoba lawa angamantombazane nabesifazane abavela emakilasini aphansi. Laba bebesifazane abahlala bekhululekile ngokubonisa imizimba yabo yezemidlalo ngokugqoka izingubo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, basebenza ebusuku futhi ngokuvamile babesekela. Ngenkathi namuhla sicabanga ukuthi i-ballet iyinzalo enkulu yabantu abathintekayo, uDegas wayephikisana ngokubeka abesifazane ithuba lokuthi umphakathi wamaVictoria ucabange ukuphula imingcele yokuthobeka nokuhlonipha.
U-Degas waqala umsebenzi wakhe njengomdwebi womlando futhi akazange amamukele ngokugcwele igama elithi "Impressionist" ngoba wayezicabangela njalo njengeRealistic.
Nakuba uDegas asebenza eduze nabadwebi be-Impressionist kuhlanganise noMonet noRenoir, uDegas wakhetha izigcawu zasemadolobheni, ukukhanya okubonakalayo, nemidwebo kanye nemidwebo eyenziwe ngokuqondile kumamodeli akhe nezihloko. Wayefuna ukuveza impilo yansuku zonke nokunyakaza okuqotho komzimba. Ngaphandle kwabadlali be-ballet, wabonisa imigoqo, ama-brothels nezigcawu zokubulala, hhayi amabhuloho amahle neminduze yamanzi.
Mhlawumbe ngaphezu kwanoma yimiphi eminye imisebenzi yakhe ebonisa abadansa, lesi sithombe siyisithombe esibucayi sezengqondo. Ekuqaleni lihle, liba kancane kancane lapho libuka isikhathi eside.
Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1870, u-Degas waqala ukuzifundisa ngesithombe ngemuva komsebenzi omude owenza upende nama-pastels. Ngokuyinhloko, uDegas wasebenza kancane kancane futhi ngokuzithandela ngesithombe somdwebi osemusha wase-ballet esebenzisa imodeli ayehlangana nayo esikoleni sase-Paris Opera sika-ballet.
Lo mfanekiso kwakunguMarien Genevieve von Goethem, umfundi waseBelgium owayesejoyine inkampani ye-ballet yaseParis Opera njengendlela yokuphuma ebuphofu. Unina wayesebenza izingubo futhi udadewabo omdala wayeyisifebe. (Udadewabo omncane kaMarie naye waqeqesha nge-ballet.) Waqala ukumcela uDegas lapho eneminyaka engu-11 ubudala, futhi waphinde lapho eneminyaka engu-14, kokubili engasese nasendlini yakhe yokugqoka. U-Degas wakha isithombe esiqoshiwe se-bexis enemibala kanye nobumba obufanekayo.
UMarie uboniswa cishe ukuthi wayekhona; intombazane evela ezifundweni ezihluphekayo ukuqeqesha ukuba ibhola. Ume endaweni yesine, kodwa akalondolozwa ngokukhethekile. Kunjengokungathi u-Degas uyamthatha ngomzuzwana ngesikhathi sokuzijwayeza kunokuba enze esiteji. Izindwangu emilenzeni yakhe ziyi-lumpy futhi zigcwala futhi ubuso bakhe buqhubekela phambili emkhathini ngombono oqhoshayo osikhombisa ukuthi uzama kanjani ukubamba indawo phakathi kwabadansi.
Ugcwele ukuzimisela ukuqiniseka nokuphoqelela. Umsebenzi wokugcina wawuyi-pastiche engavamile yezinto zokwakha. Wayegqoke ngisho ne-pair of slippers, izinwele zangempela ze-tutu nezinwele zomuntu ezixubene ne-wax futhi ziboshwe emuva ngomnsalo.
I- Petite Danseuse de Quatorze Ans, njengoba ebizwa lapho eqala ukuboniswa eParis eSibonisweni Sesi - Sixth Impressionist ngo-1881, ngokushesha yaqala ukudunyiswa futhi yazincisha. Umgxeki wezobuciko uPaul de Charry wancoma ngokuthi "yinto engavamile" futhi wayibheka njengento enhle kakhulu. Abanye babheka ubuciko bokulandelana kwezithombe ezenziwe ngaphambili kwezithombe zobuciko zaseSpain noma imisebenzi yaseGibhithe yasendulo, kokubili okusetshenziswe izinwele nezindwangu zomuntu. Enye ithonya elinokwenzeka lingase livele eminyakeni engu-Degas eyakhayo ehlala eNaples, e-Italy evakashela unina wakhe owayeshade noGaetano Bellelli, u-baron wase-Italy.
Lapho, uDegas kungenzeka ukuthi wathonywa yizithombe eziningi eMadonna ezaba nezinwele zomuntu, izingubo zembatho, kodwa ezazihlale zibukeka njengabesifazane abahlala ezweni lase-Italy. Kamuva kwacatshangelwa ukuthi mhlawumbe uDegas wayekhathazeka emphakathini waseParis futhi isithombe esiphezulu sasimangalelwa ngemibono yabo yabantu baseklasini.
Ababuyekezi ababi babelokhu bekhudlwana futhi ekugcineni kuningi okulandelanayo. ULouis Enault wabiza lo mfanekiso ukuthi "uvele ufihlekile," futhi wanezela, "Akukaze kube khona ukuhlupheka okwakusenesikhathi sokukhula okumelelekile." Umgxeki waseBrithani wakhala ngokuthi ubuciko obuphansi bube bunjani. Ezinye izigameko (ezingaba ngu-30 ezingahle zihlangane) zibandakanya ukuqhathaniswa "nomdanki omncane" kumfanekiso we-Madame Tussaud wax, i-mannequin yokugqoka futhi "i-idiot"
"I-Little Dancer's Face" yayibhekene nokuhlolisiswa ngokuhlukumezeka. Wachazwa njengokubukeka njengemonkey futhi "ebusweni obonakaliswe yisithembiso esivumayo saso sonke isici." Phakathi nenkathi yoMsindisi ukucwaninga ngokuphanga, khona-ke inkolelo yesayensi eyaziwa kakhulu futhi ethandwa kakhulu yabizwa ukubikezela isimilo sokuziphatha kanye namakhono engqondo esekelwe usayizi we-crane. Le nkolelo yaholela abaningi ukuba bakholelwe ukuthi uDegas wanikeza "uMdancane Omncane" umlomo, umlomo kanye nekhanda elivelele ukubonisa ukuthi uyisigebengu. Futhi embukisweni kwakuyimidwebo yase-pastel kaDegas eyayibonisa ababulali abaqinisa ulwazi lwabo.
UDegas wayengenzi isitatimende esinjalo. Njengoba wayenayo yonke imidwebo yakhe nemidwebo yabadansi, wayenesithakazelo ekuhambeni kwemizimba yangempela engakaze azame ukuyenza. Wasebenzisa i-palette ecebile futhi elula, kodwa akazange azame ukufihla iqiniso lezikhonzi zakhe izidumbu noma izinhlamvu. Ekupheleni kombukiso waseParis, i- "Little Dancer" yahamba nge-unsold futhi yabuyiselwa ku-studio yomculi lapho yahlala khona phakathi kwezinye izifundo ezingu-150 kuze kube sekufeni kwakhe.
Ngokuqondene noMarie, konke okuwaziwa ngaye kungukuthi waxoshwa e-Opera ngenxa yokuphuthuma ukuze ahlaziye futhi aphele emlandweni kuze kube phakade.
Ngakho-ke "uMdanki Omncane Weminyaka Eyishumi Nanye" waphela kanjani kumamyuziyamu angu-28 ahlukene?
Lapho uDegas efa ngo-1917, kwakukhona izithombe ezingaphezu kuka-150 ku-wax nobumba ezitholakala ku-studio yakhe. Izindlalifa zikaDegas zagunyaza ukuthi amakhophi aphonswe ngethusi ukuze alondoloze umsebenzi owohloka futhi ukuze athengiswe njengezingcezu eziqediwe. Inqubo yokukhipha yayigcinwe ngokuqinile futhi ihlelwe yi-foundry yaseBaris eyetekisi. Amakhophi angu-30 okuthiwa "uMdanki Omncane" wenziwa ngo-1922. Njengoba ifa likaDegas likhula futhi i-Impressionism yaqhuma ekuthandeni, la ma-bronzes anikezwa ama-silk tutus atholakala kumamyuziyamu emhlabeni jikelele.
Bangaphi "abaDansa Abancane" futhi ngingabubona kanjani?
Isithombe se-wax sokuqala se-National Gallery of Art eWashington DC Ngesikhathi sombukiso okhethekile mayelana "neDancer Little" ngo-2014, umculo owawuqala esikhungweni saseKennedy wenza umklamo njengomzamo wokuqamba ukuhlanganisa ndawonye bonke abanye ukuphila okuyimfihlakalo.
Ukubunjwa kwe-altare okuhlala emamyuziyamu futhi kungabonwa ngumphakathi kukhona:
I-Baltimore MD, i-Baltimore Museum of Art
I-Boston MA, i-Museum of Fine Arts, eBoston
I-Copenhagen, iDenmark, i-Glyptoteket
Chicago IL, Chicago Institute of Art
I-London UK, i-Hay Hill Gallery
I-London UK, iTate Modern
I-New York NY, I-Metropolitan Museum of Art (Le Ncane Dancer ihambisana neqoqo elikhulu lezinsimbi zethusi ezenziwa ngesikhathi esifanayo.)
I-Norwich UK, Isikhungo se-Sainsbury sobuciko bokubukwa
I-Omaha NB, i-Joslyn Art Museum (Enye yezinto ezinhle zeqoqo)
I-Paris France, i-Musée d'Orsay (Ngaphandle kweThe Met, le myuziyamu inomsebenzi omkhulu kunawo wonke weDegas osebenzayo osiza ukuxubungula i- "Little Dancer."
I-Pasadena CA, i-Norton Simon Museum
Philadelphia PA, Philadelphia Museum of Art
St. Louis MO, i-Saint Louis Art Museum
Williamstown MA, I-Sterling noFrancine Clark Art Institute
Ama-bronzes ayishumi aseqoqweni elizimele. Ngonyaka ka-2011, omunye wabo wabeka isikhangiso sikaChristie futhi kulindeleke ukuthi athole phakathi kuka- $ 25-35 million. Yehlulekile ukuthola ibhidi elilodwa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona i-plaster version ye "Little Dancer" eqhubeka nokuphikisana ngokuthi ngabe igcwaliswe yini nguDegas noma cha. Uma isabelo kuDegas samukeleka kakhulu, singase sibe nomunye uDancer onesizotha sokungenisa iqoqo lemyuziyamu.