Ngaphandle kokuthi Siyikhohlwe: I-Pearl Harbor - uDisemba 7, 1941

01 ngo-08

Ukuqeda Impi - Uhlelo LweMpi seluqedile

Ukungqubuzana kwempi phakathi kwe-United States neJapane ngoDisemba 7, 1941 kwaba, ngezindlela eziningi, kungenakugwema. I-embargo yamafutha kanye nokuqothula kwempahla yaseJapan ehlobo lika-1941 kwakuyizimpawu zomgomo wezwe wase-United States wokuphikisa ukuhlukunyezwa kweJapane nokunqotshwa kwe-Japan nase-Southeast Asia.

Inqubomgomo yaseJapane yayingenye yezingekho ukungathinteki. Isidingo sezinsiza ezengeziwe sasiqala kakhulu.

Lapho sekufinyelelwe ukuphoqeleka kwakuyisikhathi esithile ngaphambi kokuba impi iphume, kodwa ihlobo nokuwa kuka-1941 kwakudingeka yizinhlangothi zombili ukulungiselela ukungenakugwema.

Uhulumeni wasekhaya eJapane wayethembele isinqumo sokuthula. Amaphoyisa afuna isikhathi sokuhlela amasu abo. I-United States nayo yayidinga isikhathi sokulungiselela impi ekhaya langaphambili futhi iqinise ibutho layo kanye nempi yempi ePacific.

Lapho uGeneral Hiddeki Tojo emiswa njengongqongqoshe waseJapan phakathi no-Okthoba 1941, noma yikuphi ithuba lokuxazulula okunokuthula laphelile. Ekuqaleni kukaNovemba, iJapan Army and Navy yaphetha "Isivumelwano Esiyinhloko" esichaza uhlelo lokunqoba.

Ingxenye eyinhloko yalolu hlelo yayihilela ukubhujiswa kwe-United States Pacific Fleet esekelwe ePearl Harbor. Uhlelo lwezempi lwaqedwa.

02 ngo-08

Ingabe Abaholi BaseMelika Bayazi Ukuhlasela Ngaphambili?

Ngenkathi umlando ungaguquki ngokuvamile ukuntuleka kwesivumelwane yizazi-mlando zenkcazelo ecacile yemicimbi eminingi emikhulu. Abalando-mlando bayophikisana kuze kube phakade ngokuthi uhulumeni wase-US wazi kanjani ukuthi uzohlasela. Kukhona ngisho nokucabangela okuqinile ukuthi abaholi bethu bebazi kahle ukuhlaselwa kusengaphambili futhi akenzanga lutho ukuluvimbela. Ukube kwenzeke ukuhlaselwa kwePearl Harbor, imizwa yomphakathi neyombusazwe kungenzeka ukuthi ayizange ivumele ukubandakanyeka kwe-US empini kwaze kwaba sekwephuzile.

Iningi lomlando lisekelwe esimweni somuntu, futhi lithembele emphumweni womcimbi. Iningi lethu likhulile lifundiswa ukuthi ukuhlaselwa kwePearl Harbour kwaba "ukuhlaselwa kwesibindi sowakwesaba" phezu kwesizwe esingalindelekile. Ngaki-ke sonke sasizwa lawo mazwi kuNgqungquthela ka-Pearl 7, 1941 eFranklin D. Roosevelt, echaza ngokuthi "usuku oluzohlala kuhlambalaza"?

Eqinisweni, ukuhlaselwa kwePearl Harbor kwakuhlelwe kahle kakhulu futhi kuhlelwe kahle, okwakhiwe ngu-Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, uMlawuli oMkhulu wezindiza ezihlangene zaseJapane. Ukuhluleka kwakungekho ohlelweni noma ukubulawa kwalokhu kuhlasela. Ukuhluleka kwaba yingxenye yalabo abaseJapane ukuqonda ukuthi ukuhlaselwa okunjalo, ngenkathi kunikezela ukunqoba okukhulu, bekuyohlanganisa futhi kuvusele isizwe futhi kuvuselele ukuzimisela kwabo, ukuthi ukuhlukunyezwa kweJapane kwakungenakugwemeka njengoba impi ngokwayo . Nokho, uma amaJapane aphumelele empini, ukuhlaselwa kwePearl Harbor kuzobukwa ngokukhanya okuhlukile.

03 ngo-08

Tora! Tora! Tora! - I-Japanese Navy ihlasela ama-US Bases eHawaii

Isihloko se-Extra Extra ye-Honolulu Star-Bulletin ngoDisemba 7, 1941 kwacaca. "Impi! I-Oahu ibhejiswe ngamapulani aseJapane".

Ngehora lesi-6 ekuseni ngesikhatsi saseHawaii, abathwali baseJapane ababehamba ngamakhilomitha angaba ngu-200 enyakatho ye-O`ahu baqala ukuqala umvuthwandaba wokuqala wokuhlaselwa. Le ngqamuzana yayinezinkanyezi ezingu-183 ezibandakanya ukuqhuma amabhomu, izibhamu ze-torpedo nama-fighters. Besebenzisa isiteshi somsakazo sase Honolulu ukuya ekhaya lapho bebhekele khona, izindiza zaseJapane zaya esiqhingini. Ezingxenyeni eziyisithupha ze-Army mobile-search radar e-O`ahu, eyodwa kuphela eyayisebenza ekuseni kaDisemba 7, 1941. Nakuba bekubona izindiza ezingenayo, akukho ukucatshangelwa okujulile okunikezwa ngumphathi wabo ukuthi lokhu kwakuyisandla sokuhlasela esisheshisa kubo .

Cishe ngo-7: 40 ekuseni, lapho ebona ogwini lwase-O`ahu, umvuthwandaba wokuqala wezindiza zaseJapane waqala ukuhlasela futhi waqhubekela phambili ekuhlosweni kwawo. Kwaba ngo-7: 53 ekuseni ukuthi uMongameli Mitsuo Fuchida weluleka umphathi wezokuthutha ukuthi i-US Pacific Fleet ithathwe ngokumangala okuphelele. Isigijimi sakhe sinezwi elilodwa, liphinda kathathu, " Tora! Tora! Tora! " ("Tiger! Tiger! Tiger!"). Ngalesi sikhathi umfudlana wesibili wokuhlasela wawusivele usuyingxenye yecala lezinhloso zazo.

Kwabulawa ngalolo suku kwakunguFree Island, izindiza ze-Wheeler, uHickam, i-Ewa ne-Kaneohe, kanti kamuva iBellows Field. Kungakapheli imizuzu iningi lama-fighters aseMelika, amabhomu kanye nezindiza zokujikeleza zabhujiswa noma zalimala. Noma yiliphi ithuba lokumelana laqedwa.

04 ngo-08

I-Battle Row ishaywa - US Pacific Fleet ePearl Harbour echithwe

Njengoba ukuphikiswa emoyeni kwaqedwa, kwakukhona indlela ecacile eya ekuhlosweni okuyinhloko, i-US Pacific Fleet ihambele ePearl Harbor. Sinikeze iMephu Yezimpahla Zomkhumbi ngomhla kaDisemba 7, 1941 ukuze uthole inkomba yakho.

Njengoba kuboniswe kwisici sabo ePearl Harbor e-History Place: "AmaMelika athathwe ngokumangalisa. Umswakama wokuqala wokuhlasela uhlose izindiza zezindiza nempi yempi. Phakathi kwemikhumbi yase-United States, imoto eyisikhombisa ibhidlika, kwahlulwa amahlanu. Abahamba ngezinyawo ezintathu, ababhubhisi abathathu kanye nezitsha ezincane ezintathu balahlekelwa kanye nezindiza ezingu-188. AmaJapane alahlekelwa amaplanethi angu-27 nemikhumbi emihlanu ye-midget eyamazama ukungena ngaphakathi kwechweba futhi aqalise izidakamizwa.

Ibutho le-USS Arizona ngemuva kokuba ibhomu lingene emagazini ohamba phambili obangela ukuqhuma okukhulu nokubulala amadoda angu-1 104.

Ukuphunyuka umonakalo ekuhlaselweni yizinto eziyinhloko, izinkampani ezintathu ze-US Pacific Fleet, iLexington, i-Enterprise ne-Saratoga ezazingekho esangweni. Futhi ukuphunyuka komonakalo yizinto ezithwala amathangi e-fuel base.

Uhlu lokuhlukunyezwa luhlanganisa nabasebenzi abangu-2,335 nabangu-68 abantu ababulewe, kwathi abangu-1 178 balimala. Kuhlanganisa amadoda angu-1 104 angena e-USS Arizona ipiyade ebulawe ngemva kokuba ibhomu lezindiza eliyi-1 760 lingene emagazini ohamba phambili obangela ukuqhuma okukhulu. "

05 ka-08

I-Aftermath - UMthetho Wempi Wabikezelwa Futhi I-Military Yenza Uhulumeni KaHawaii

Ngokushesha ngemva kokuhlaselwa nokulindela ukufika kweJapan eHawaii, amabutho aseMpiya aqala ukubhekana nezilinganiso zazo zonke iziqhingi ezinkulu. Amabhishi lapho amabutho angahlala khona ahlanganiswe nanoma yisiphi isithiyo esingavimbela ukufika.

Izikhumulo zezindiza zasesidlangalaleni zathathwa yi-Army. Zonke izindiza zangasese zazisungulwa. Isiqhingi saseHawaii Territorial Guard sahlanganiswa njengoba kwakungamanye amayunithi e-ROTC avela eNyuvesi yaseHawaii nasezikoleni eziphakeme.

Ngosuku olulandelayo ngoDisemba 7, nangemva kokuphikiswa kokuqala kukaMbusi uJoseph B. Poindexter, umthetho wamarha wamenyezelwa futhi umlotha we-habeas corpus umisiwe. UGeneral Walter C. Short wakhipha isimemezelo lapho ememezela ukuthi uthatha uhulumeni futhi ethatha isikhundla sombusi wezempi waseHawaii. Ekuqaleni kwakucatshangwa ukuthi umthetho wezempi wawuzohlala isikhathi esifushane, kodwa empeleni kwaphela cishe iminyaka emithathu.

Izakhiwo zikaHulumeni ezihlanganisa i-Iolani Palace zaphenduka amahhovisi ezempi. Lezi ziqhingi zaziyisisekelo esikhulu sezempi. Ngomthetho wezempi kwafika ukushaywa isikhathi, ukufika isikhathi, ukulinganisa, ukucubungula izindaba kanye neyeyili, ukuvinjelwa kanye neminye imikhawulo. Amabhizinisi aseJapane asebenzayo kanye nezincwadi zavalwa.

06 ka-08

Izindawo Zokuboshwa Zasungulwa - UMthetho Wezempi Ulawula AbaHawaii

Ukuboshwa kwabantu ababhekwa njengengozi noma okusolisayo kwaqala ngamaphoyisa asendaweni, i-Army Intelligence kanye ne-FBI. Izizukulwane eziningi zaseJapane zathunyelwa ezikhungweni zokuboshwa kodwa inani labahlali baseJapane kanye nalawo amanye amandla angenamandla ayemkhulu kakhulu ukuvumela ukuhamba komuntu wonke. Uhlelo lokuphuma emazweni angama-100,000 aseJapane avela eHawaii lwacatshangwa, kepha lwalahlwa.

Amakhotho aseMelika athathe inkantolo yamacala omphakathi kanye nomthetho wezempi kwakuwumthetho wezwe ngamasosha nakwabahlali.

Zonke izakhamuzi zazingenwe ngomunwe futhi zidinga ukuthwala amakhadi okuzisiza ngaso sonke isikhathi. Abezizwe babenqatshelwe ukuphatha okungaphezulu kwamaRandi 200 ngemali. Amabhizinisi nawo ayevinjelwe.

Naphezu kokuphikisana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwabaphathi bezempi nabasosha ezombusazwe baqhubeka ngesimo esisodwa noma esinye kwaze kwafika ngo-Okthoba 24, 1944. Ngisho nangemva kokuqedwa komthetho wezempi, iHawaii yaqhubeka ibhekwa njengendawo yezempi futhi i-curfews ne-blackout zahlala kuze kube nguJulayi 11, 1945.

07 ngo-08

I-Hawaii Namuhla - Sikhumbula i-Pearl Harbor ne-USS Arizona

Namuhla, izikhumbuzo zempi ziyabonakala ezindaweni eziningi eHawaii. Lapho izivakashi zikhuphukela phezulu kwe-Diamond Head ziphuma ngodonga olusetshenziselwa ukubukela izindiza zesitha. I-Pearl Harbour kanye ne-USS Arizona Memorial bakhumbuza bonke ababavakashela indima ebalulekile eHawaii empini nakwabaningi abafa ngalolo suku olubi.

Kuzo zonke ezinye iziqhingi ezitholakala, njenge-War Memorial enkulu eSikhumulweni Sikazwelonke sasePacific e-Punchbowl, iMpi Yezwe II yesibili edolobheni lase Honolulu noma ezincane, kodwa njengoba nje kuhamba, i-Waialua-Kahuku World War II Memorial eHaleiwa I-Beach Park, i-Oahu.

Kukhona into eyodwa engakwazi ukuyikhohlwa lapho umuntu ema phambi kwalezi zikhumbuzo ezihlonipha labo abafa eMpini Yezwe II. Uhlu lwabafileyo luhlanganisa amadoda amaningi aseJapane abazali babo, ogogo nomkhulu noma ugogo nomkhulu babo beza eHawaii abavela eJapane ukuze baqale impilo entsha. Amagama alawa madoda aphezulu ngenhla, ngaphasi nangaphansi kwalabo abavela empumalanga, izimpande zaseChina, izimpande zasePhilippines kanye negazi laseHawaii, bonke abadela ukuphila kwabo ukuze balondoloze inkululeko yabo, imindeni yabo kanye nathi.

Izimpi zilwa namadoda. Abaningi balaba bantu bafa. Izimpi ziqalwe ngabanye, ngokuvamile ziba ngaphansi kwesibindi, ezihlala izinkulungwane zamamayela kusukela ekufeni.

Labo abalwa futhi bafa empini yeMpi Yezwe II, ezimweni eziningi, amadoda ahloniphekile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi angamaMelika, iBrithani, isiJalimane, isiFulentshi, isiJapane noma avela kunoma yiziphi ezinye izizwe eziningi ezihilelekile.

08 ngo-08

Sikhumbula ukuthi Singazikhohlwa

Iningi lezwe liye lashintsha kusukela ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II. I-Hawaii isibe yisimo sama-50 futhi abantu baseJapane bevela emaphandleni, izimpande zaseChina, izimpande zasePhilippines, nezimpande zaseHawaii zihlala ndawonye ngokuthula kulezi ziqhingi.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ubukhulu bezomnotho baseHawaii namuhla buxhomeke kakhulu ekuvakasheni hhayi kuphela ezweni laseMelika kodwa naseJapane.

Noma kunjalo, ngalolu suku unyaka ngamunye, siyayeka ukukhumbula labo abafa ngalolo suku ekuseni eminyakeni engu-74 edlule. Asikhumbuli ukuze sibuyise izinkumbulo zesikhathi lapho umhlaba uqhuma khona. Asikhumbuli ukulahla labo abasihlasela. Siyakhumbula ukuthi singabakhohlwa labo abafayo futhi hleze sikhohlwe ukuthi akumelwe neze sivumele ukuthi kwenzeke futhi.

Uma kwenzeka ulahlekile, sikucela ukuba ufunde Umlando Omfushane wePearl Harbor ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe II lapho sibheka khona umlando wendawo futhi uyaziwa ngokuthi "Wai Momi", okusho ukuthi "Amanzi asePearl" noma "Pu` uloa ", kusukela ezinsukwini zayo zasendulo kuze kube nje ngaphambi kokuqhamuka kweMpi Yezwe II. Siphinde sibheke imiphumela yokuthuthukiswa kwendawo yombutho wase-US ngomkhuba waseHawaii.