Ukusuka Enqabeni Kuya eMyuziyamu Kazwelonke: Isibonakaliso Esihlala Paris
Imithombo Eyinhloko: I-Louvre Museum Iwebhusayithi Esemthethweni; I-Encyclopedia Britannica
I-Paris 'Louvre Museum iyaziwa namuhla ngenxa yeqoqo layo elimangalisayo lokudweba, ukudweba, imidwebo nezinye izinto zokusebenza zamasiko. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba ibe yinye yeqoqo elikhulu lomhlaba futhi elihlaba umxhwele wezobuciko, kwakuyindlu yenkosi futhi ingxenye ebalulekile yezivikelo ezivikela iParis ephakathi kwamaphakathi.
Ukuze uqonde ngempela le sayithi yomlando, funda kabanzi ngomlando wayo oyinkimbinkimbi ngaphambi kokuvakasha kwakho.
I-Louvre Phakathi Nesikhathi Sesikhathi Esiphakathi
1190: INkosi Philippe Auguste yakha inqaba enkulu endaweni yeLouvre yosuku lwamanje ngenhloso yokuvikela abantu abahlasele. Inqaba yakhiwe nxazonke ezinezingxube ezinkulu nezinqaba zokuzivikela. Ukugcina okukhulu, okwakuthiwa yiGrosse tour , wema phakathi nendawo. Amazinga aphansi ale nqaba yizo zonke ezisele futhi zingasetshenziswa kancane kancane namhlanje.
1356-1358: Ngemva kwesinye isisindo, iParis manje idlula kude odongeni lokuqala oluqinile olwakhiwe ngekhulu le-12. Udonga olusha lwakhiwe ingxenye ukuze luvikele njengoba kuqale iMpi YeMinyaka Eyinkulungwane elwa neNgilandi. I-Louvre ayisasetshenziswa njengendawo yokuzivikela.
1364: I-Louvre ayiseyona injongo yayo yokuqala, okwenza umdwebi okhonza iNkosi uCharles V ukubuyisela kabusha inqaba yasendulo ibe yindlu yenkosi yasebukhosini.
Ukufaniswa kwesigodlo sesikhathi esidlule kwakunesiteji esivelele esivamile futhi "insimu yokuthakazelisa", kuyilapho ama-interiors ayehlotshiswe ngamathepistrikhi nokudweba.
1527: I-Louvre ihlala ingabanjwanga iminyaka engama-100 noma ngemva kokufa kweNkosi Charles VI. Ngomnyaka ka-1527, uFrancois I uhamba futhi uchithe ngokuphelele le minyaka ephakathi.
I-Louvre ihambela ekuziphatheni kwayo.
I-Louvre Phakathi Nesikhathi Sokuvuselela
1546: UFrancois I uyaqhubeka ukuguqula lesi sigodlo ngokuhambisana nemikhuba yokuklama nokuklanywa kabusha kwe-Renaissance, ukuqeda iphiko le-western medieval bese lishintsha izakhiwo ze-Renaissance-style. Ngaphansi kokubusa kukaHenri II, iHholo LeCaryatids nePavillon du Roi (iPavilon yeNkosi) lakhiwa, futhi zihlanganisa izindlu zenkosi yangasese. Umhlobiso wegumbi elisha ekugcineni wagcwaliswa ngaphansi kwemiyalo yeNkosi uHenri IV.
Ekhulwini le-16 leminyaka: Indlovukazi yaseFrance uCatherine de 'Medici, ongumfelokazi kaHenri II, uyala ukuba kwakhiwe iNkundla yaseTuileries ngenhloso yokuthuthukisa amazinga okududuza eLouvre, okuyizindawo ezenzeka emlandweni endaweni ephazamisayo. Lesi sigaba esithile sezinhlelo ekugcineni sishiywa enye.
1595-1610: UHenri IV ukwakha iGalerie du Bord de l'Eau (Waterside Gallery) ukudala indlela eqondile esuka endaweni yasebukhosini yaseLouvre eya eNtabeni yaseTuileries. Indawo eyaziwa njengeGalerie des Rois (Igalari YamaKhosi) nayo yakhiwa ngalesi sikhathi.
I-Louvre Ngesikhathi se-"Classical" Isikhathi
1624-1672: Ngaphansi kokubusa kukaLouis XIII noLouis XIV, iLouvre ibhekene nochungechunge olujulile lokulungiswa, okuholela enkundleni esiyibona namuhla.
Izingxenye ezinkulu kule nkathi zihlanganisa i-Pavillon de l'Horloge (i-Clock Pavilion) eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Pavillon de Sully futhi izoba yisibonelo sokwakhiwa kwamanye amabutho emidlalo eyenza indawo yesimanje. I- Apollo Gallery ehloniphekile igcwaliswa ngo-1664.
1672-1674: I-monarch uLouis XIV isusa isihlalo sobukhosi kuVersailles emaphandleni. I-Louvre iwela esimweni sokunganakwa kwekhulu leminyaka.
1692: I-Louvre inendima entsha njengendawo yokuhlangana yezobuciko "zobuhle", futhi uLouis XIV uyala ukuba kusungulwe igalari eziqoshiwe zama-antique. Lesi kwakuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekuzalweni kwemyuziyamu yomhlaba ejwayele kakhulu.
1791: Ukulandela ukuguquka kwesiFulentshi ka-1789, iLouvre namaTueries zicatshangelwa okwesikhashana njengesizwe sombuso "sokuqoqa izikhumbuzo zesayensi nobuciko".
1793: Uhulumeni waseFrance ovukelayo uvula i-Muséum Central des Arts de la République, isikhungo esisha esidlangalaleni esinezindlela eziningi ezandulela umqondo wanamuhla we-museum. Ukwamukelwa kukhululekile kubo bonke, kuyilapho amaqoqo ngokuyinhloko atholakala ezintweni ezithathwe njengezigqila zaseFrance nemindeni ehloniphekile.
Ukuba iMyuziyamu Enkulu: I-Empires
1798-1815: UMbusi uNapoleon wesikhathi esizayo "uvuselela" amaqoqo eLouvre ngeziqephu ezitholakala ngesikhathi sokunqoba kwakhe, futhi ikakhulukazi e-Italy. I-museum yabizwa kabusha ngokuthi i-Musée Napoleon ngo-1803, futhi umphathi wamakhosi ubeka phezu komnyango. Ngo-1806, abakhi bakaMperor uPercier noFistaine bakha "i-Arc de Triomphe" encane emgumbini ophakathi kweTuileries ekugubheni izimpini zaseFrance. I-arch ekuqaleni ihlanganisa amahhashi amane e-altare e-altare ayethathwa eSt Mark's Basilica e-Italy; lezi zibuyiselwa e-Italy ngo-1815 lapho uMbuso Wokuqala uwela. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, iLouvre ibuye yanda kakhulu ukuze ifake amaphiko amaningi asekhona nanamuhla, kuhlanganise neCar Carré neGrande Galerie.
1824: I-Modern Sculpture Museum ivuliwe entshonalanga ye-"Carréré ". Imyuziyamu yayihlanganisa izithombe ezivela eVersailles nakwezinye izingqoqo, ngaphesheya kwamakamelo amahlanu nje.
1826-1862: Njengamasu okwelashwa okwamanje namathuba okuhweba, amaqoqo kaLouvre ahlotshiswe kakhulu futhi anwetshwa ukuze afake imisebenzi evela emiphakathini yangaphandle. Kusukela emandulo yase-Egiputa nase-Asiriya ukuya emidwebeni yobuciko be-Renaissance nobuciko be-Renaissance yamuva, i-Louvre isendleleni yokuba isikhungo se-behemoth yobuciko namasiko.
1863: Iqoqo likaLouvre manje elibizwa ngokuthi i-Musée Napoleon III lihlonishwa umholi woMbuso Wesibili. Ukwandiswa kwamaqoqo ngokuyinhloko kubangelwa ukuthengwa kuka-1861 kwemidwebo engaphezulu kuka-11 000, izici zobuciko, izithombe kanye nezinye izinto ezivela eMarquis Campana.
Ngo- 1871: Ekushiseni kokuvukela okwakudumile kwe-1871 eyaziwa ngokuthi iParis Commune, iNdlu yaseTuileries ishiswa yi "Communards." Isigodlo asikaze sabuyiselwe, sishiya kuphela izivande nezakhiwo ezodwa. Kuze kube yilolu suku, okungenani eyodwa ikomidi likazwelonke laseFrance liyaqhubeka nokucela isicelo sokubuyiselwa kweNdlu.
OKUPHAKATHI: I-Emergence ye-Louvre yanamuhla
1883: Lapho iNqabayokulinda yaseTuileries idiliziwe, kuguquka ushintsho olukhulu kanti uLouvre akayeki isikhundla sobukhosi. Manje isayithi seluzinikezele ngokuphelele kwezobuciko namasiko. Kungakapheli iminyaka embalwa, i-museum izokhula kakhulu ukuze ithathe zonke izakhiwo ezinkulu.
1884-1939: I-Louvre iyaqhubeka nokwandisa futhi ivula amaphiko amasha nezinqoqo ezingenakubalwa, kuhlanganise nephiko elizinikezelwe ubuciko bamaSulumane kanye ne-Musée des Arts Decoratives.
1939-1945: Ngesikhathi sokuphela kweMpi Yezwe II ngo-1939, i-museum ivaliwe futhi amaqoqo aphethwe, ngaphandle kwezicucu ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezivikelwa yi-sandbags. Lapho amabutho amaNazi ehlasela eParis naseningizimu yeFrance ngo-1940, i-Louvre iqala kabusha, kodwa iningi lingenalutho.
Ngo- 1981: UMengameli waseFrance uFrancois Mittérand uveza uhlelo lokuzikhandla lokuvuselela nokuhlelwa kabusha kweLouvre futhi athuthukise inkonzo eyodwa ehleliwe kahulumeni kwenye indawo, okwenza iLouvre izinikele kuphela emsebenzini wayo njengamamyuziyamu okokuqala.
1986: I- Musée d'Orsay ivuliwe endaweni yangaphambili yesiteshi sesitimela sase-Orsay ngaphesheya kweSeine. I-museum entsha idlulisela imisebenzi eminingi yesikhathi esivela kubaculi abazalwa phakathi kuka-1820 no-1870, futhi maduzane uzihlukanisa ngokuqoqa kwawo umdwebo we-Impressionist, phakathi kwabanye. Isebenza kusukela kuJeu de Paume ekupheleni kwesentshonalanga ye-Tuileries nayo idluliselwa ku-Orsay.
Ngo-1989: I- louvre's glass pyramid eyenziwe ngumakhi we-Chinese IM Pei ivuliwe futhi isebenza njengengeniso entsha.