Isikhumbuzi Esijabulisayo Sama-Khmer Rouge Misrile ka-1970
Qaphela umhlukumezi ogqila umqondo owodwa. Kuyinto ingqikithi ephindaphindiwe emlandweni, kodwa thina njengezinhlobo kubonakala sengathi sizobuyela emuva ngokuphindaphindiwe ngaphansi kokuthandwa kukaHitler, uStalin, Pol Pot ... nabanye ngokungangabazeki balinde amaphiko.
Imiphumela yePol Pot sika "Year Zero" - inkolelo yakhe engaqiniseki ukuthi uCambodia ("Kampuchea") kwakudingeka ihlanzwe kubadlali bamaRoyal, abahlakaniphileyo kanye nezinye izinto ezingcolile - kungabonwa ngesikhathi se ntambama, bevakashela i-Phnom Penh iTuol Sleng Genocide Museum kanye ama- Choeung Ek Ukubulala Amasimu .
"I-Cambodia inomlando omusha wamuva wokuhlaselwa kohlanga, okwenzeka kusukela ngo-1975 kuya ku-79 no-1977 futhi usaqhubeka nomhlaba namuhla emazingeni ahlukahlukene ahlukene," kuchaza uJennifer Ryder Joslin, okhulumela i-expat aseFnom Penh kanye nomlobi ohlangene (no-partner Stevo) ibhulogi yezokuvakasha ezimbili zingahamba. "I-Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum eFnom Penh yisayithi elibalulekile lokuvakashela ukuze kuqondwe ngokujulile lokho abantu baseCambodia abaye babhekana nakho."
Ukungena Emnyameni: U- Tuol Sleng uyindawo ephawulekayo yokuvakasha kwezokuvakasha e-Southeast Asia, kodwa akuyona eyedwa kuphela. Funda ngamanye amabala omnyama okuvakasha esifundeni .
Isikole, khona-ke iNkampu Yokuhlushwa, iSikhumbuzo Sokubulawa Kwesibhedlela
U-Tuol Sleng uboshwe iKhmer Rouge ekamelweni lokuhlushwa. Namuhla kuyimyuziyamu, isikhumbuzo esibuhlungu sezinsuku ezimnyama zoMbuso weKhmer Rouge.
Kwakuyi- Tuol Svay Prey High School , ngaphambi kokuba izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zikhishwe indima yabo entsha ngo-1975. Le nkimbinkimbi yabizwa ngokuthi i-Security Prison 21 (S-21), ucingo olubhaliwe lwanezelwa kumjikelezo, kanti amafasitela aqiniswe ngensimbi imigoqo.
Izakhiwo ezine eziyinhloko eTuol Sleng zizungeze amagceke ambalwa okungenzeka abe izindawo zokudlala zesikole ngaphambi kokuguqulwa kwawo okukhulu.
Ukwakhiwa A kwakuyisikhungo esikhulu sokuhlushwa eTuol Sleng; i-Khmer Rouge yenze umsebenzi wayo ophazamisayo lapha kuze kube yilapho egcina khona, ebulala izisulu zokugcina ngaphambi kokuhlasela kweVietnam ngoJanuwari 1979.
Izisulu ezingu-14 zokugcina zangcwatshwa esakhiweni ngaphandle kweZakhiwo A; uzothola leli congo ngaphambi kokungena.
Ukwakhiwa B kwakuqukethe ama-cell cells iziboshwa, futhi okwamanje kunesithombe se-macabre sezithombe zeziboshwa ezazitholwa njengoba zivunyelwe esakhiweni. I-Khmer Rouge igcine amarekhodi anemininingwane yeziboshwa; izithombe zabo ezikhukhumezayo zingabonakala lapha ngobuningi, amehlo abo edabukisayo abheka kuwe njengokungathi ukukuhlambalaza ngokuphila.
Ukwakhiwa kweC kwakhonza njengeziboshwa ezinkulu zaseTuol Sleng. Isiteji esingaphansi sasihlala amangqamuzana amancane kakhulu, ngamunye ephethe isigwebo esisodwa esiboshelwe phansi. Abesifazane bavalelwe esitezi sesibili. Igumbi lesithathu kwakuyizingqamuzana zasejele eziningi, zibambe amaqembu amakhulu eboshelwe izinsimbi zensimbi ende.
Ngaphandle kwalesi sakhiwo umi "umgodi" egcekeni, okusetshenziselwa abahlukumezi baseKhmer Rouge ukuveza uhlobo olunamanzi lwamanzi oluhlukumeza iziboshwa.
Ukwakha D izindlu zokudweba ezidabukisayo zakwaVann Nath zakwaCambodia, ezenziwe kusukela ekutholeni izikhumbuzo zokuphila (njengokungathi) ngaphakathi kweTuol Sleng. UVann Nath wayengomunye wabasindile baseTuol Sleng, abagcinwe "usizo" lwabo. Funda i-biography yakhe kusikhumbuzo esibizwa ngegama lakhe.
Ama-horror we-Tuol Sleng
"U-Tuol Sleng ubheka izinhliziyo zabantu abahlala eCambodia," kuchaza uJennifer Ryder Joslin. "Kuyaphazamisa ukubona ukuthi abantu bayakwazi ukwenzani omunye nomunye, kodwa kubalulekile ukubona ukuze umlando ungabikhohliwe noma uphinde uphinde uphinde uwenze."
Kungenzeka ukuthi, ntambama eTuol Sleng izokushiya uzizwe unzima kakhulu, unzima ngempela.
Ubuhlakani obuyingozi boKhmer Rouge babhekisela emininingwaneni yabo. Ababoshiwe baboshwe futhi baphenywa ngemininingwane yabo yokuphila ngaphambi kokuboshwa emasenini abo. Leli qoqo le-data elisha eliyingozi kodwa elishaqisayo linikezwa isivakashi, igumbi ngemva kwegumbi eligcwele izithombe zamadoda ahlukumezekile, abesifazane nabantwana, ukubonwa kweziboshwa ezingaba ngu-20 000 ezangena eTuol Sleng.
Izisulu eziningi zikaTuol Sleng
Iziboshwa zaziyi-Cambodian kakhulu, nakuba ijele labona isabelo salo samaMelika, abaseBrithani nase-Australia. Umbono ophikisayo we-Khmer Rouge wawusho ukuthi noma ubani onemfundo, noma ubani owayengekho ovela lapho, ngisho noma ubani owayegqoka izibuko wayengumsolwa, futhi (futhi njalo) angase aqede ukukhala ngeTuol Sleng.
Uzobona ekamelweni lokuhlushwa, lishiywe cishe ngesimo esifanayo njengoba satholwa abahlaseli baseVietnam abashaye iKhmer Rouge ngo-1979. Kukhona nezinsiza zokuhlushwa, ngokuchazwa okuningiliziwe ukuthi zisetshenziswe kanjani.
Umphumela wokuphela walawa madivayisi nawo oseduze - amacala ama-skulls angamahloni ahluphekile ka-S-21. (Ukukhanga kukaTuol Sleng, okuyi-"skull map" yaseCambodia ngamakhamera angu-300 kanye nama-skulls, kwaqedwa ngo-2002.)
Choeung Ek: Izinkundla zokubulala
Ukuvakashela "emasimini okubulala" ngaphandle kwePnom Penh kuqedela isithombe esibucayi. I-Choeung Ek ivamise ukuhlanganiswa neTuol Sleng ezindaweni eziningi - ungavakashela indawo ngaphandle kokubona enye, kodwa ayizizwa kahle ukuphuma endaweni lapho iziboshwa eziningi zeTuol Sleng zichitha khona isikhathi sokugcina.
"Izinsimu zokubulala" kwakuyizinyathelo zokulahlwa kwezigidigidi zeKhmer Rouge noma ezingenakuzithandela. I-Choeung Ek yayiyindawo yokugcina yeziboshwa zaseTuol Sleng; Amagciwane angaba ngu-9 000 ahlala emathuneni amaningi eChoeung Ek.
I-stupa yamaBuddha manje ihamba ngaphezu kweCoeung Ek, isisekelo sayo se-acrylic esinezigxobo ezigcwele ama-skulls angaba ngu-5 000, izinsalela zeziboshwa ezabulawa lapha. Ama-skulls amaningi anezibonakaliso zokushaya - ukulondoloza ngezinhlamvu, ababulali baseChoeung Ek basebenzisa ama-pickaxes noma izinqola zenqola ukubulala izisulu zabo.
Amacebiso weTuol Sleng Izivakashi
Ukufika ku-Tuol Sleng. I-S-21 isendaweni engaphansi kwesifunda saseTuol Svay, cishe ngamamayela ayishumi nanye eningizimu ye-capital Phnom Penh. (Indawo ku-Google Maps)
"U-Tuol Sleng utholakala kalula yi-tuk tuk noma isithuthuthu," kusho uRyder Joslin. "Kunamabhasi ezokuvakasha ahamba ngqo kumamyuziyamu, kodwa lezi azidingekile noma azikhuthazwa njengoba ungahamba wena futhi uqashe umhlahlandlela kusayithi uma ungathanda." ( Funda mayelana ne-tuk-tuks eCambodia .)
Ukuhamba nini. Cabanga ngesimo sezulu saseCambodia lapho uhlela uhambo oluya eTuol Sleng. "Hamba ekuseni noma ntambama ukugwema ingxenye eshisayo yosuku njengoba kungekho moya okhona lapho," weluleka uRyder Joslin.
Ukuqondisa e-Tuol Sleng kungokhetho , kodwa engqondweni yami, kuyadingeka ngokuphelele. U-Tuol Sleng ukhululekile kakhulu, futhi uzodinga ukuthi umuntu abeke konke ukufa nokubuhlungu kumongo. Iziqondiso zibiza enye i-USD $ 6 ngaphezulu kwezindleko zokungenisa USD $ 2 zeTuol Sleng. (Funda ngemali eCambodia.)
Thatha kancane. "Thatha isikhathi sakho njengoba uhamba ngokusebenzisa le museum ukuze uzizwe futhi usizi futhi usile, noma yini okudingeka ukwenze," kuphakamisa uRyder Joslin. "Kuyinto enhle kakhulu, kodwa oyothokoza ukuthi kufanele uqonde kangcono iKambodia nokuthi yini abantu kanye nemindeni yabo abaye bahamba nayo."
Sibonga kakhulu uJennifer Ryder Joslin ngezinhloso zakhe ezibalulekile. Ngenze ngiqinile futhi ngivakashele ibhulogi lakhe lokuhamba. Two Can Travel, noma hlola ikhasi Facebook blog.