Yeka ukuthi indawo encane yeNigodi yaseNiagara yaba yisitifiketi se-Superfund Site

01 ka-13

Umlando we-Channel Canal

Amakhilomitha ambalwa nje ukusuka enkabeni yedolobha laseNiagara Fall yindawo egciniwe egciniwe egcwele izimfihlo. Love Canal, kanye nomunye wemiphakathi ekhula kakhulu ezungeze iNigodi yaseNiagara wathola ukunakwa kwezwe lapho kushaywe ukushayiswa okweqa umhlaba. Imigwaqo emincane neyithulile eyayimigwaqo yayiyoshintsha isuka emphakathini okhukhumezayo ukuqeda ukubhujiswa cishe ebusuku futhi amashumi eminyaka elandela imigwaqo ye-Love Canal ingasala ukuwohloka.

Emabhuloki angama-36 kuphela, i-Love Canal yayiyindawo encane ye-Niagara Falls eyayivumela imindeni ukuba ikhulise izingane zabo emakhaya amancane okuqala eduze kwedolobha, ngenkathi inesikhala sokugijima nokudlala. Ukumiswa kwesigameko esivela kuMadeleine L'Engle 's classic "A Wrinkle in Time", Love Canal kwaba idolobha elihle kakhulu eligcwele imindeni emisha nazo zonke izindlu ezibukeka njengezibuko amakhophi kulabo abakuzo.

Phakathi neminyaka yama-1950 umakhelwane wanda ngokushesha njengoba idolobha lalinabantu abanobuhlungu. Izitaladi zazithulile futhi omakhelwane babenobungane, kodwa izakhamuzi zaseLondon Canal zizothola maduze phakathi kwezindaba zomphakathi.

Umhlaba owakhiwe kuwo umphakathi wawungcolile kakhulu ngamakhemikhali ayelahliwe esakhiweni seHooker Electrochemical Company esasike sinalo isayithi. Izakhamuzi zakudala zaqala ukugula ngezifo ezazisuka ezikhungweni zezindlebe njalo emdlalweni okhula ngokushesha. Kuzovezwa kamuva ukuthi uhulumeni wasekhaya wayeyazi kahle izingozi ezafihla ngaphakathi enhlabathini, kodwa wakhetha ukuphazamiseka.

Isifunda sesikole saseNiagara Falls City School sasiqhubekele uHooker Electrochemical Company ukuba sithenge impahla yaso ngamathemba wokwakha isikole esisha. Le nkampani inqabe ukunikezwa kwabo kokuqala okubhekisisa ukukhathazeka kwezempilo, kodwa ekugcineni bazisola futhi bathengisa umhlaba endaweni yesifunda. Ngezindleko zabo, le nkampani yathatha amalungu ebhodi esikoleni ekuvakashelweni kwesayithi futhi yenza ukuhlolwa kwe-borings phambi kwabo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi bayazi ukuthi inhlabathi yayingcolisiwe kakhulu, kodwa idolobha laqhubeka nokuthenga futhi kamuva, ukwakha isikole.

I-Hooker Chemical ihlanganisa i-caveat ende esivumelwaneni sokuthengisa emzini oveza izingozi zomhlaba ukuqinisekisa ukuthi beyazi ukuthi i-ramifications, kodwa futhi ukuyeka noma yimiphi imithwalo yemiphumela ezobe ishaya leli dolobha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Bathi umhlaba kufanele ususwe "ukuze uvimbele ukuthi kungenzeka abantu noma izilwane ezithintana nezinto zokwehla." Ibhodi yesikole yanquma ukuqhubeka phambili nokuthuthukiswa kwesikole noma kunjalo.

Ngesikhathi kwakhiwa esinye sezikole ezimbili endaweni, abakhi bahlangana namaditha angama-55 amathrafu edoti ayengcwatshwa yiHooker Chemical. Ngokuphelele, amathani angu-22 000 enkunkuma eyingozi ayengcwatshwe esakhiweni salomphakathi okhulayo futhi akekho ohlala kuzo ohlakaniphile. Umsebenzi waqhubeka ekwakhiweni kwesikole futhi njengoba umakhelwane wakhula isikole sesibili sakhiwe ngamabhuloki ambalwa.

Ukuphila kwaqhubeka njengokwejwayelekile kulabo abase-Love Canal kuze kufike ngo-1976 lapho izintatheli ezimbili zeNiagara Falls Gazette , uDavid Pollak noDavid Russell, zivivinya amaphampu amaningana e-sump futhi zathola imithwalo enzima yamakhemikhali anobuthi. Noma kunjalo, lolu daba alutholanga ukunakekelwa kwemithombo yezindaba kwaze kwaphela iminyaka embalwa lapho intatheli uMichael Brown eqala ukuphenya ngezingozi zempilo zalezi zimakhemikhali futhi waqhuba ucwaningo ngendlu ngendlu ngo-1978.

Umama wendawo, uLois Gibbs, waqala ukuqoqa abanikazi bezindlu ngemuva kokuba indodana yakhe ihlaselwe isifo sokuphuza kanye nezinye izinkinga zezempilo. Wabe eseba yizwi lalabo abasele ebumnyameni mayelana nokuphepha komakhelwane, becela ukhetho ukuyohola uMninimzi weZindlu Zothando.

UGibbs uphishekele izikhulu ukuba ziphenye ngokukhathazeka kwalabo abahlala endaweni, kepha akukho lutho oluvela emizamweni yakhe. Iphoyisa laseNiagara Falls, uMichael O'Laughlin, ucashunwe ngodumo ngokuthi uthe "akukho lutho olungalungile" nendawo.

Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engama-1970 izakhamuzi ezihlala ngaphesheya komakhelwane zazibhekene nezinga eliphakeme lokuhlukumeza, ukuphazamiseka kwezidakamizwa, ukuphazamiseka kwemizwa, ukwelashwa kanye nokubulala ezinye izinkinga. Umkomishaneli wezeMpilo waseNew York, uRobert Whalen, kamuva wavakashela leyo ndawo futhi akavumelani kakhulu nombono weziphathimandla zomuzi.

"I-Love Canal Chemical Waste Landfill yinkinga yomphakathi futhi isongelo olubi nakakhulu futhi ingozi empilweni, ekuphepheni nasenhlalakahleni yabalisebenzisayo, ehlala eduze nayo noma evezwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezivela kuyo, ehlanganisa phakathi kwezinye izinto, ezidakayo zamakhemikhali ezilele evezwe phezulu ezindaweni eziningana, eziyingozi nezikhukhumeza izikhukhula zamakhemikhali kanye nemifucumfucu ephazamisa umoya womabili kanye nemizi yabakhileyo abathile abahlala eduze kwalezo zingosi, "esho.

UMengameli uJimmy Carter umemezele ukuphuthumayo kwezempilo esifundazweni futhi wabiza i-Federal Disaster Assistance Agency ukuba isize iSixeko saseNiagara Falls ukulungisa isayithi le-Channel Canal. Lesi kwakuyisikhathi sokuqala emlandweni wezwe ukuthi lezo zimali zazisetshenziselwa into ngaphandle kwenhlekelele yemvelo.

Eminyakeni elandelayo, izikole zavalwa futhi cishe zonke izakhiwo zomhlaba zabhujiswa. Umakhelwane owakhulayo wakhuphuka waba yindlame ngaphandle kwanoma yiziphi izindlela zomgwaqo ezilahlekile, u-acre utshani obude kanye nezimbonakaliso ezimbalwa zomgwaqo.

Yonke imindeni eyi-800 yathunyelwa futhi ibuyiselwa imali yamakhaya abo kodwa imindeni engama-90 yakhetha ukuhlala. Njengoba iminyaka iqhubekela phambili, cishe yonke imindeni eyake yabiza ngokuthi ikhaya lomakhelwane yayikhethe ukuhamba.

Namuhla cishe akukho lutho olusele lwe-Love Canal. Indawo idume ngabathwebuli be-amateur abethemba ukuvusa izitaladi ezihamba phambili kanye namakhaya ambalwa asele aphansi.

Landela u-Sean ku-Twitter no-Instagram @BuffaloFlynn, futhi uhlole ikhasi lethu le-Facebook ukuze uthole izindaba eziningi eBuffalo, eNigeria Falls naseWest New York.

02 ngo-13

Amakhaya alahlekelwe

Umakhelwane washiywa futhi izindlu zashiywa ukubola. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, idolobha laqeda iningi lezakhiwo kusayithi futhi kwaze kwafika ngo-2004 ukuthi abantu bavunyelwe ukubuyela emuva endaweni.

03 ka-13

Ukuqala komphakathi

Imindeni yaqala ukuthuthela emaphandleni ngawo-1950 ngoba ibonwe njengomphakathi oqala ukuqala.

04 ka-13

Abantu Baqala Ukugula

Ngomnyaka we-1970 umphakathi wawusakhula kodwa izakhamizi eziningi zaqala ukugula. Abantu behluleka ukuhlukumezeka ngesilinganiso esesabekayo, ukuthuthukisa umdlavuza nezinye izinkinga zempilo. Uhulumeni wasekhaya wayeyazi kahle izindaba zezempilo ezibhekene nomphakathi, futhi wayazi nokuthi umhlaba wawungcolile kakhulu.

05 ka-13

Ukuqala Impi

Umphakathi oqinekile waqala ukuhlukana futhi izakhamuzi zazifuna izimpendulo. ULois Gibbs waba ngumkhulumeli womphakathi wakhe. Umama ongashadile, uGibbs waqala ukungabaza ukuphepha komakhelwane wakhe lapho indodana yakhe iqala ukwehla ngezifo zendlebe ngezikhathi ezijwayelekile.

06 ka-13

Ukuzwa Ulahlekelwe

Ezinye izakhamuzi zaqala ukuqaphela iphunga elimangalisayo elivela emhlabathini futhi lapho livula, iziphuzo ezingavamile zingakhuphukela phezulu. Konke kuzwakala njengesiqephu esivela kumbukiso wezesayensi, kodwa ngeshwa lokho le miindeni eyayibhekene nakho kwakungokoqobo.

07 ka-13

Ukulwa nomphakathi wakhe

UGibbs waqhubeka ekulwela amalungelo akhe, umndeni wakhe kanye nomakhelwane wakhe phakathi neminyaka yempi yezomthetho edolobheni.

08 ngo-13

Ukushisa umakhelwane

Njengoba kuvela, i-Hooker Electrochemical Company yayidonsa imiphongolo engu-22 000 yetshezi enobuthi endaweni yabo, kamuva eyithengisa ukuze ibe umphakathi oqala ngawo. Kwakungamakhemikhali afinyelele emhlabathini owaqala ukungena emanzini okuphuza, inhlabathi nomoya ukuthi izinkulungwane zabantu zahlangana nazo zonke izinsuku.

09 ka-13

Impact On Children

Akukhona kuphela lokho kodwa kwakukhona izikole ezimbili zasesekondari ezakhiwe kusayithi, zakha izindlu zabafundi nsuku zonke. UGibbs nabanye abaningi balwela kanzima ukuze baqaphele lezi zinkinga, ekugcineni bathole umusi ngemuva kokuba ubufakazi bubekwe ngaphezu kwalokho okungahle kunqatshelwe.

10 kwangu-13

I-Hooker Electrochemical Company

I-Hooker Electrochemical Company ekuqaleni yayiqhutshwa yiNiagara Falls City School District ngoba yayidinga kakhulu umhlaba ukwakha indawo eyengeziwe. Ekuqaleni inkampani inqabe izicelo zabo ngenxa yokukhathazeka kwezempilo, kepha ekugcineni bathengisa umhlaba wabo. Esikhathini esivumelwaneni sabathengisi i-Hooker Electrochemical Company yeluleka isifunda sesikole ukuba siqine umhlaba ukuze kuvinjelwe noma yiziphi izilwane noma abantu ukuba bangathinteki njengoba kungabangela ukulimala okukhulu. Isikole sakhiwe noma kunjalo futhi kuthuthukiswa izindlu.

11 kwangu-13

Once Discover

Lapho ibhola liqala ukugoqa futhi abantu baqala ukubona ukuthi kunenkinga okumele iphikisana nayo, i-Love Canal yaqala ukuthola ukunakwa kukazwelonke. Ngenxa yezindaba zezempilo ezenzeka ngesilinganiso esesabekayo inkinga ayikwazanga ukuphikiswa. Izikhulu zedolobha kwakudingeka ziqaphele futhi zamukele lokho abakwenzile, ziyazi ukuthi zonakalisa umphakathi wonke ukuthola inzuzo yezimali.

12 kwangu-13

IGibbs kanye Nendawo Yabo Abanqoba Ukulwa Nomuzi

Ekugcineni, ngemuva kokulwa iminyaka eminingi, uMongameli uJimmy Carter umemezele ukuthi kunezimo eziphuthumayo zezempilo esifundazweni futhi wabiza i-Federal Disaster Assistance Agency ukuba isize idolobha laseNiagara Falls ekuhlanzeni i-Love Canal. Leli dolobha elincane, elalilele liba yindawo yokuqala ye-Superfund indawo e-United States. Ngenxa yokuvuza kwamakhemikhali anobuthi cishe cishe imindeni eyi-800 kwakudingeka ihanjiswe futhi ibuyiselwe emakhaya abo. Imindeni engaba ngu-90 inqume ukuhlala kodwa njengoba iminyaka iqhubeka abaningi banqamuka baphuma.

13 kwangu-13

Kwenzeka kanjani namuhla

Kulolu suku kukhona okunye okusele kwe-Channel Canal. Izindlu ezimbalwa kuphela ezihlala futhi imigwaqo yasendleleni igcwele, njengoba inganakwa iminyaka engaba ngu-40. Kuba yindawo eyintandokazi yabathwebuli bezithombe ukuhamba emigwaqweni futhi bathathe umphumela wedolobhana okwakunjalo. Ngenkathi kungekho lutho oluthe xaxa, i-Love Canal yenza umbhalo ongenakulibaleka endaweni yendawo.