Ukucacisa ukuthi yiziphi izaziso ezihlukile ezihambelana nabahambi
Ngo-Mashi ka-2002, uMnyango Wezokuphepha Wase-United States wamemezela ukwakheka kohlelo lwe-Homeland Security Advisory System. Isikali esinekhodi esinezici sanikeza amazinga amahlanu ukuze kutholakale ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuhlasela kwamaphekula emhlabathini waseMelika - okuphansi kakhulu "okuphansi," okuluhlaza okwakubhalwe umbala, futhi obunzima kakhulu "obunzima," obomvu obhalwe ngambala. Kusukela isingeniso, izikali zekhodi zokubala ziye zaphakanyiswa futhi zanda ngezikhathi eziningana, kuphela zizoshintshwa ngokuqondile ngo-2011.
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, i-United States kanye nezinhlangano ezihlangene ziye zabhekana nobunzima ekuboniseni amazinga engozi abahambi abangase babhekane nawo emhlabeni. Ngokuhlola, abahamba manje banezinhlelo ezintathu ezihlukene ezihlinzeka ngezixwayiso mayelana nabahambi abangozini abangase babhekane ngenkathi behamba ekhaya noma phesheya.
Yize kungase kungabi yizimo ezilula ukuqonda, izixwayiso zesabisa zingaba nethonya elikhulu kubahambi njengoba zihamba emhlabeni jikelele. Usho ukuthini isaziso sohambo? Ingabe iphakamisa ukweluleka kwezwe lobuphekula? Ngokuqonda izinhlelo ezinkulu zokuxwayisa zamazwe ngamazwe, abahambi bangenza izinqumo ezinhle uma kufika isikhathi sokuhamba.
Umnyango Wase-US: Izixwayiso Zokuhamba Nezixwayiso Zokuhamba
Kwabaningi abahambahambayo, uMnyango WezoMbuso wase-US uyindawo yokuqala yokuma ukuze ubone ukuthi ingozi ekuhleleni uhambo lwezingxenye ezithile zomhlaba. Ngaphambi kokuhamba, abahambi abahlakaniphile bavame ukuhlola izixwayiso zokuhamba kanye nezixwayiso zokuhamba ukuhlola izingozi ezingase zibhekane nazo lapho behamba phesheya.
Umnyango Wombuso ukuxwayisa kuyisigameko esifushane esingabaphazamisa abahambi ngesikhathi sokuhamba kwabo ngaphandle kwe-United States futhi isebenza kuphela isikhathi esifushane. Izibonelo zesigameko sesikhathi esifushane zibandakanya inkathi yokhetho engabangela imibhikisho kanye nemishayo yezintatheli ezivamile, izaziso zempilo ngenxa yokuqubuka kwesifo (kufaka phakathi igciwane leZika), noma ubufakazi obunokwethenjelwa bokuhlaselwa kwamaphekula.
Uma isimo sesiphelile noma ngaphansi kokulawulwa, uMnyango WezoMbuso uzolulahla lesi saziso sokuhamba.
Ngokungafani nesaziso sokuhamba, isixwayiso sokuhamba yisikhathi eside lapho abahambi bangase bafune ukucubungula izinhlelo zabo zokuhamba ngaphambi kokwenza ngisho nezinhlelo. Izixwayiso zokuhamba zingase zithunyelwe ezizweni ezingamukeleki izivakashi zaseMelika , izakhiwo zikahulumeni ezingazinzile noma ezikhohlakeleyo , ubugebengu obuqhubekayo noma udlame olubhekene nezivakashi , noma usongo oluqhubekayo lokuhlaselwa kwamaphekula .Ezinye izexwayiso ziye zahlala iminyaka eminingi ekugcineni.
Ngaphambi kokuhamba, wonke umuntu ohambahamba kufanele aqiniseke ukuthi isaziso sokuhamba noma isixwayiso asikho endaweni yezwe lakubo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abahambi kufanele bacabangele ukubhalisa ohlelweni lwe-STEP mahhala oluvela eMnyangweni WezoMbuso ukuze bathole izaziso ngenkathi behamba futhi bebukeza izinsiza ezitholakala ku-embassy eseduzane.
Umnyango wase-United States Wokuphepha Komhlaba
Isilinganiso sokuqala sezwe sokuhlola izinsongo ezesabisa ukwesaba, i-Homeland Security Advisory System, sasuswa umhlalaphansi ngo-2011, eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-9 ngemuva kokuqaliswa. Esikhundleni saso kufika uhlelo lweNational Terrorism Advisory System (NTAS), olwamenyezelwa nguNobhala Wezokuphepha we-Homeland uJanet Napolitano.
Uhlelo lwe-NTAS luhlehlele uhlelo lokuqapha oludlule ngokususa ikhodi-coding, engakaze ivele ngaphansi "Okuphakanyisiwe," okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Esikhundleni samazinga amahlanu okuxwayisa, uhlelo olusha luyanciphisa izinsongo ezingase zibe khona kumazinga amabili: Isixwayiso Esiseduze Sokuxwayisa, Nesisindo Esiphakeme Sokusola.
Isixwayiso Esiseduze Sokulinda sigcinelwe izixwayiso zezingqinamba ezithembekile, eziqondile, noma ezizayo zamaphekula e-United States ngamaqembu aphikisayo noma ezinye izizwe. Isixwayiso Esiphezulu Esiphezulu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, sixwayisa kuphela ngokusongela okunokwethenjelwa ngokumelene ne-United States, ngaphandle kolwazi oluqondile endaweni noma idethi. Ngokusho komhlahlandlela womphakathi, isaziso singakhishwa uNobhala wezokuHlaliswa kweHoeland, ngokubambisana nezinye izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezisebenza ngokusemthethweni. Lezi zinhlangano zifaka i-CIA, iFBI, futhi ingafaka ezinye izinhlaka.
Izixwayiso zenzelwe ukuthi "... zinikeze isishwankathelo esicacile sokusongela okungase kube khona, ulwazi mayelana nezenzo ezithathwa ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha komphakathi, nezinyathelo ezinconywayo abantu, imiphakathi, amabhizinisi, nohulumeni abangayithatha ukusiza ukuvimbela, ukunciphisa noma ukusabela ekusongweni . "Kusukela ekusetshenzisweni kwalesi simiso esisha, izixwayiso eziningana zikhishwe, kufaka phakathi eyodwa ngemuva kwe- Orlando nightclub mass mass shot 2016 .
I-United Kingdom: Ubuphekula Amanani Okusongela
Izikhulu zaseBrithani zisebenzise izinhlelo zokuhlola ukusongelwa kwezempi noma zobuphekula kusukela ngo-1970, ngokuqaliswa kweBikini State. Ngo-2006, i-BIKINI State yahlelwa ngokusemthethweni ohlelweni lwe-UK Threat Levels system.
NjengaSistimu yokuHlola yezokuThuthukiswa kwamaKhaya, i-UK Level Threat Levels ibonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuhlaselwa kwamaphekula kulo lonke elase-United Kingdom, kuhlanganise neNgilandi, eScotland, Wales naseNyakatho Ireland. Uhlelo luhlehliselwe ngezigaba ezinhlanu: ophansi kakhulu "ophansi," futhi ophezulu kakhulu "obucayi." Ngokungafani neSistimu yokuHlola yezokuThutha noma i-BIKINI State, ayikho ikhodi yokubala ehlanganiswe namazinga obungozi obuphekula. Esikhundleni salokho, amazinga okusongela asethwe yi-Joint Terrorism Analysis Center kanye ne-Security Service (MI5).
Izinyathelo zokusongela azidingeki ukuthi ziphelelwe yisikhathi futhi zishintsha ngokusekelwe kolwazi olwamukelwe yiziphathimandla zaseBrithani. Izinga le-UK Threating zikhishwa iziphakamiso ezimbili ezihlukene ezindaweni ezimbili: izwe laseBrithani (eNgilandi, eScotland naseWales) naseNyakatho Ireland. Amazinga okusongela anikeza izincomo zobuphekula emhlabeni wonke kanye nobuphekula obuhlobene neNorthern Ireland.
Indlela Umshwalense Wokuhamba Uthinta kanjani izixwayiso zokuhamba kanye nokwaziswa kokwesaba
Ngokuya ngesimo samazwe ngamazwe nokwethembeka kokusongelwa, umshuwalense wezokuhamba ungathinteka ekushintsheni kwamanye amazwe ama-terror alert systems. Uma usongo lukhuphukela ezingeni eliphakeme, umhlinzeki womshuwalense wokuhamba angase abheke isimo sibe " umcimbi obikezelwe ." Uma kufanele kwenzeke lokhu, inqubomgomo yomshwalense wokuhamba kungenzeka inganikezeli ukuvakasha kokuya esifundeni noma isizwe esithile emva kwesixwayiso samazwe ngamazwe ikhishwe.
Ngokulandelayo, inqubomgomo yomshuwalense wokuhamba kungenzeka ingenezeli izinzuzo zokukhansela ukuhamba ngezinxwayiso zokuhamba noma izixwayiso zokwesaba. Ngenxa yokuthi ukuhlaselwa kwamaphekula akukenzeki, umshuwalense wokuhamba angase angacabangi ukunikeza isixwayiso isenzakalo esifanelekayo sokuqala izinzuzo.
Kodwa-ke, abahambi abathenga inqubomgomo yomshwalense wokuhamba ngaphambi kokuqaphelisa noma isixwayiso sikhishiwe kungenzeka ukuthi bavezwe uma kwenzeka ukuhlaselwa kwamaphekula . Ngaphandle kokuhamba ngezinzuzo zokukhansela, abahambi bangase bahlanganiswe ngaphansi kwezinzuzo zokulibazisa, ukuhamba ngezinzuzo zokuphazamiseka, noma ukuphuthumayo okuphuthumayo. Ngaphambi kokuthenga inqubomgomo yomshuwalense wokuhamba, qinisekisa izinga lokubanjelwa nabahlinzeki bomshuwalense wokuhamba.
Nakuba zingase zidideke, ukuqonda izinhlelo zokuphazamisa ukwesaba kungasiza abahambi ukuba benze izinqumo ezinhle kakhulu lapho belungiselela ukuya phesheya. Ngokwazi ukuthi kusho ukuthini indlela yokuqapha nokuthi umshwalense wokuhamba ungathinteka kanjani, wonke umuntu ohamba naye angalungiswa nganoma yisiphi isimo ekhaya noma phesheya.