Sibutsetelo Izinhlekelele Zemvelo ePeru

Izingozi ezihlukahlukene zemvelo zenzeka ePeru, ezinye zazo zilinganiselwe eyodwa kuphela ezindaweni eziyinhloko zasePeru lapho ezinye zikhona ezweni lonke. Isifunda sase-Andean, ikakhulukazi, sithi u-Anthony Oliver-Smith e -Angry Earth , "uye waba yindawo ehlala yingozi kakhulu emhlabeni."

Kwabaningi abahamba ngezinyawo, lezi zingozi azikwazi ukubangela izinkinga ezinkulu. Ungase uhlangabezane nokulibaziseka kokuhamba okubangelwa ukukhukhula nokuguqulwa kwamanzi - ikakhulukazi uma uhamba ePeru ngebhasi - kodwa ingozi yokulimala noma okubi kakhulu kuncane.

Ngezinye izikhathi, inhlekelele enkulu ingabangela ukuphazanyiswa okukhulu futhi, ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ukulahlekelwa impilo - isimo esingagxiliswa isimo sePeru njengezwe elikhulayo. Ngokusho kuka-Young neLeón ezingozini yemvelo ePeru , "Ukulimala ePeru kuya ezingozini zemvelo kukhuliswa ubuphofu nokuhlukaniswa phakathi kwesayensi engakwazi ukubikezela noma ukuthi abantu bazokwenzenjani."

Izingozi ezilandelayo zemvelo zivame kakhulu ePeru futhi zivame ukuxhunyaniswa nemvelo noma imvelo. Eziningi zenzeka eceleni noma ngokushesha ngemuva kweminye ingozi ehlobene, njengokuzamazama komhlaba okuholela ochungechungeni lwamaplanethi.

• 01 ngo-07

  Ukuzamazama komhlaba

  I-Peru ijwayele ukuzamazama komhlaba , iqiniso eliboniswa inani lezibonakaliso ezichaza " iZona Segura en Casos de Sismos " ("Indawo ephephile uma kwenzeka ukuzamazama komhlaba"). Izwe livame ukubhekana neziqu ezincane ezingu-200 minyaka yonke, ngokuzamazama okukodwa okwenzeka eminyakeni emihlanu kuya kweyisithupha ngokulinganisa. Ukuzamazama okukhulu phakathi neminyaka engu-50 edlule kufakazela ukuzamazama kuka-1970 ezindaweni ezisogwini nasenyakatho ne-Andean zasePeru (okubulala abantu abangaba ngu-70 000 basePerua), ukuzamazama komhlaba kwe-Alto Mayo ka-1990 nokuzamazama komhlaba okwashaya iPisco ngonyaka ka-2007.

• 02 ngo-07

  Ukuguqulwa komhlaba kanye nama-Avalanches

  Izikhukhula ezincane zenzeka njalo e-Peru, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezihlala ezikhunjini nasezikhungweni ngesikhathi semvula, ngokuvamile kuvimbela imigwaqo futhi kubangele ukulibaziseka ekuhambeni kwezwe. Eziningi zazo zibangelwa imisebenzi yabantu, njengokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo ngokwayo. Amapulangwe angokwemvelo ayenzeka ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokuvuthwa komzimba, kodwa izici ezifana nokuzinza komthamo nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile. Ezimbili ezingamashumi amahlanu edlule kwaba yizimbulunga ezimbili ezonakalisa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yezingulube ezivela eNevado Huascarán, intaba ephakeme ePeru . Ngo-1962, i-glacier elalilenga ilinyuka isuka entabeni, ithwala imfucuza ebulalayo. Amadolobhana amancane ayisishiyagalolunye wangcwatshwa futhi kwabulawa abantu abangaphezu kuka-4 000. Owesibini u-Huascarán avalanche wabangelwa ukuzamazama komhlaba okwenzeka ngo-1970, okwenza ukuba iqhwa leqhwa leqhwa lihlukaniswe nentshonalanga, okwakungenwa yinhloko-dolobha yesifundazwe saseYungay.

• 03 ka-07

  Ukukhukhula

  Ukukhukhula kuyinto evamile ePeru, ikakhulukazi eziqhingini nasehlathini. Amanye amadolobha, afana noTingo Maria endaweni ephakeme ye-Huánuco, abhekana nokukhukhula kwemifula emikhulu yeminyaka eminingi (ebangelwa imvula eqinile). Isifunda saseCusco siye sabhekana nezikhukhula ezinkulu eminyakeni yamuva. Ngo-2010, ama-mudslides namanzi okukhukhula ahlanganisa imigwaqo kanye namathrekhi okuqeqesha, achitha izindlu ezilinganiselwa ku-2 000, athi abantu abaningi abangu-20 futhi bashiya izivakashi ezisekelwe kulo lonke indawo. Olunye uhlobo oluyingozi lwezikhukhula luvela emachibini e-glacial ezindaweni eziphakeme zase-Andean. Lawa amachibi angakhawulezi adala izikhukhula, eziye zabulala izinkulungwane zabantu phakathi neminyaka eyikhulu edlule.

• 04 ka 07

  Ama-tsunami

  Eziningana zama-tsunami ziye zashaya ogwini lwasePeru phakathi neminyaka engu-400 edlule. Lezi tsunami ziwumphumela womsebenzi wokuzamazama komhlaba ohambisana nomsele wasePeru-Chile, oqhele ngamakhilomitha angaba ngu-100 ukusuka ogwini lwasePeruvia, lapho i-Nazca Plate idonswa khona ngaphansi kwePlate South America. Imininingwane ayitholakali ngama-tsunamisi amaningi kunazo zonke ezindala kunazo zonke, kodwa lezo zonyaka ka-1586, 1604, 1687 no-1746 zikholakala ukuthi zonakalise ngokukhethekile, zilinganisa yonke indawo yokuhlala ogwini lwasePeruvia. Ukugcina komhlaba okuphawulekayo kwe-tsunami kwenzeka ngo-2001 kulandela ukuzamazama komhlaba okungu-8.4 eningizimu yePeru. I-tsunami ithatha ukuphila okungenani abantu abangu-26.

• 05 ka-07

  Ukuphulukiswa kwe-Volcanic

  Iningizimu yePeru iyindawo yomsebenzi ovuthayo womoya. Kunezintaba eziningana, ezinjengeSabancaya no-El Misti, ezibhekwa njengengozi futhi zihlala ngaphansi kokubheka njalo. Ngokuvamile, ukuqhuma kwe-volcanic akuyona isongo esisheshayo. Nokho, ngokomlando, i-Peru ibonisa enye yezingxube ezonakalisayo kakhulu ezirekhodiwe. Ngo-1600, uHuaynaputina waqhuma ngamandla, wabulala amaPeru angaphezu kuka-1 500. Ukufa kwabantu basekhaya kwakungeyona nto kuqhathaniswa nenhlekelele yomhlaba wonke ebangelwa ukuqhuma. Izazi ze-geologists ezivela eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia zikholelwa ukuthi inani elikhulu lezinhlayiya ezikhishwe emkhathini zashintsha isimo sezulu sezulu, okubangela ikakhulukazi kwiNzara YaseRussia - umcimbi owabulala abantu abayizigidi ezimbili baseRussia.

• 06 ka-07

  I-El Niño

  I-El Niño iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ayinakuqonda ngokugcwele ukushisa kwe-temperature okuyinto eyenzeka njalo eminyakeni emithathu kuya kweyisikhombisa. Ngesikhathi somcimbi we-El Niño, "ubudlelwane obungokwenyama phakathi kwemoya, ukuhamba kwamanzi olwandle, ukushisa kwe-oceanic kanye nesimo sezulu kanye ne-biosphere kuya emiphakathini ewonakalisayo" (Earth Observatory; "Kuyini i-El Niño?"). E-Peru, lokhu kuholela emaphethweni esimo sezulu esilimazayo nakakhulu. Izimvula ezinkulu ziwela ezindaweni ezivamile ezinogwini ezingenamvula, okuholela ezikhukhuleni nasezenzweni ezihambisanayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iziqhingi zingabhekana nesomiso obhubhisayo. I-El Niño ka-1997-1998 - embi kakhulu emlandweni wamuva - ithinte abantu ababalelwa ku-600 000, kuhlanganise namakhulu abantu ababulalayo, amakhaya angu-40 500 abonakaliswe noma abhujiswe kanye nokuhlanzwa kwezinkulungwane zamigwaqo namabhuloho.

• 07 ka-07

  Izifo

  Izifo zihlukile kwezinye izingozi zemvelo ngoba akuhlobene neze nemvelo. Izenzo zabantu, ezifana nokuhlala emadolobheni kanye nokungcola okungcolile, nazo zidlala indima enkulu ekuqalisweni kwezifo noma izifo eziwumshayabhuqe. Abahambi kufanele bathole zonke izigciwane ezidingekayo ePeru ngaphambi kokuba bahambe. Ezinye izifo ezinobungozi ezinjenge-malaria ne-dengue fever, azinawo amagciwane. Kulezi zimo, ukugwema ukulunywa umiyane kuyindlela esemqoka yokuvimbela.

  > Izinkomba:

  • > "Izingozi Zemvelo ePeru: Ukukhathazeka Nokuhlukunyezwa" - uKenneth R. Young noBlanca León
  • > "Peru: Izinhlekelele zemvelo kanye nomthelela wazo" - Izifundo zezwe
  • > "Peru: Izwe lase-Andean elinenkinga enkulu yokulawulwa kwezinhlekelele kanye nezimo eziphuthumayo" - uHeriberto Urby Jr., uDavid A. McEntire no-Ekong J. Peters
  • > Umhlaba othukuthele: Izinhlekelele ezithandweni ze-Anthropological - u-Anthony Oliver-Smith noSusanna M. Hoffman